ATLANTIC-PRIMATES: a dataset of communities and occurrences of primates in the Atlantic Forests of South America

Primates play an important role in ecosystem functioning and offer critical insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and emerging infectious diseases. There are 26 primate species in the Atlantic Forests of South America, 19 of them endemic. We compiled a dataset of 5,472 georeferenced locations of 26 native and 1 introduced primate species, as hybrids in the genera Callithrix and Alouatta. The dataset includes 700 primate communities, 8,121 single species occurrences and 714 estimates of primate population sizes, covering most natural forest types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina and some other biomes. On average, primate communities of the Atlantic Forest harbor 2 ± 1 species (range = 1–6). However, about 40% of primate communities contain only one species. Alouatta guariba (N = 2,188 records) and Sapajus nigritus (N = 1,127) were the species with the most records. Callicebus barbarabrownae (N = 35), Leontopithecus caissara (N = 38), and Sapajus libidinosus (N = 41) were the species with the least records. Recorded primate densities varied from 0.004 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta guariba at Fragmento do Bugre, Paraná, Brazil) to 400 individuals/km 2 (Alouatta caraya in Santiago, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil). Our dataset reflects disparity between the numerous primate census conducted in the Atlantic Forest, in contrast to the scarcity of estimates of population sizes and densities. With these data, researchers can develop different macroecological and regional level studies, focusing on communities, populations, species co-occurrence and distribution patterns. Moreover, the data can also be used to assess the consequences of fragmentation, defaunation, and disease outbreaks on different ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, species invasion or extinction, and community dynamics. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this Data Paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data. © 2018 by the The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of Americ

Ecologia e evolução da dispersão de sementes por primatas neotropicais

Exportado OPUSMade available in DSpace on 2019-08-12T08:38:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_lisieux_franco_fuzessy_biologia_vegetal_2017.pdf: 5578818 bytes, checksum: 530258e4dcb68585bf6b6b5739b426e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 27O funcionamento e a dinâmica de florestas tropicais são, em grande parte, infuenciados pelo mutualismo entre frutos carnosos e vertebrados frugívoros, processo que promove consequências evolutivas e ecológicas fundamentais. Em troca do transporte de suas sementes para locais adequados para germinar e crescer, as plantas oferecem aos frugívoros uma recompensa nutricional. Assim, a ecologia alimentar e os padrões de atividade dos frugívoros determinam a efetividade do serviço oferecido como dispersores e este serviço está diretamente relacionado à probabilidade de sobrevivência, germinação desementes e recrutamento de plântulas. Devido a este impacto na reprodução e fitness, as interações mutualísticas podem determinar a seleção e subsequente evolução de traços nas plantas. Primatas, juntamente com aves e morcegos, são os principais agentes dispersores em florestas tropicais. Seu corpo grande e hábito arbóreo, associados ao elevado consumo de frutos são o resultado de adaptações morfológicas, de locomoção e também sensoriais que se refletem em guildas alimentares. Buscando preencher lacunas no conhecimento acerca das consequências ecológicas e evolutivas da dispersão de sementes por primatas na região Neotropical, procuramos reunir, organizar e ampliar as informações disponíveis. Avaliamos, do ponto de vista ecológico e filogenético das plantas, as consequências das interações com primatas e testamos hipóteses acerca da ecologia e evolução da dispersão de sementes por diferentes guildas alimentares. O hábito alimentar generalista dos primatas não nos permitiu identificar consequências do mutualismo para a evolução da morfologia de frutos. Porém, a forte associação entre caracteres morfológicos apontou para existência de uma síndrome de dispersão primatocórica. Além disso, demonstramos que primatas dispersam grande diversidade de espécies de plantas, ingerem e dispersam sementes e frutos de variados tamanhos, tipos e cores, movem sementes para locais fora da área de influência do parental e favorecem a germinação após a passagem pelo trato digestivo. O papel dos primatas como dispersores é definido de acordo com as guildas alimentares, sendo o grau de frugivoria diretamente proporcional à qualidade do serviço oferecidoThe mutualism among fleshy fruits and fruit-eating vertebrates largely influence tropical forests functioning and dynamics, and promotes fundamental evolutionary and ecological consequences. During food handling, frugivores transport seeds to sutable sites to germinate and grow and, in turn, plants offer a nutritional reward. Thus, the frugivorefeeding ecology and activity patterns determine its effectiveness as a disperser. Seed dispersal process establishes the probability of seed and seedling survival, seed germination and seedling recruitment. These impacts of mutualistic interactions on plant reproduction and fitness therefore influence selection and evolution of fruit traits. Primates,toghether with birds and bats, are the main disperser agents in tropical forests. A large body size associated with the arboreal habit and high fruit consumption are the outcome of sensorial, morphological and locomotor daptations, which reflects in feeding guilds. Here we gather, organize and expand available information about the ecological and evolutionary consequences of seed dispersal by primates in the Neotropical region aiming to fill knowledge gaps. We evaluate, from a plant ecological and phylogenetic point of view, the consequences of mutualistic interactions with Neotropical primates. We tested hypotheses on the ecology and evolution of seed dispersal by distinct feeding guilds. In terms of feeding ecology primates tend to be generalist and this fact prevented us to identify the consequences of mutualism to the evolution of fruit morphology. However, the strong association among morphological fruit traits in primate-dispersed species pointed to the existence of a dispersal syndrome. Also, we showed that primates are able to swallowand disperse a wide range of plant species, fruit colors, types and sizes, and move seeds to sites far from the zone of influence of the parent crown, and also promote germination after gut passage. The role of primates as seed dispersers is defined according to the feedingguilds, and the degree of frugivory modulates the quality of the service offere

Comparative study of the morphology of wild Callithrix sp. hybrid groups in Viçosa, MG

Hibridação é o cruzamento entre indivíduos de populações distintas que resulta na produção de descendentes com ascendência mista. A hibridação natural é um mecanismo evolutivo importante e vem sendo relatado nos últimos 25 anos para várias espécies de Primatas Neotropicais. Estes animais apresentam uma notável variação com relação ao tamanho corporal e as espécies são identificáveis com base na coloração da pelagem. Estudos da morfometria deste grupo são raros na literatura científica, uma vez que a maioria deles se restringe a um ou poucos dados, como peso corporal, ou a levantamentos de estudos antigos. No presente trabalho detectamos indivíduos híbridos nos fragmentos florestais de Viçosa, descrevendo a variação no padrão corporal e facial de pelagem e caracterizando a morfometria externa dos animais. O estudo envolveu 79 indivíduos (40 saguis híbridos do gênero Callithrix, 22 representantes de C. penicillata e 17 de C. geoffroyi). Os animais foram capturados em armadilhas de múltiplas entradas, anestesiados e em seguida foram fotografados e medidos. Com base nos padrões corporais, foi detectada uma coloração uniforme entre os híbridos. Quanto a coloração da face, observamos cinco morfotipos diferentes. Morfometricamente, não houve diferença significativa entre machos e fêmeas e as três espécies em estudo são estatisticamente parecidas quanto ao comprimento do corpo. Entre os híbridos e C. penicillata existe uma similaridade nas medidas craniais e de peso corporal, enquanto que entre os híbridos e C. geoffroyi a similaridade se dá nas medidas dos membros. A existência de morfotipos híbridos e sua elevada capacidade reprodutiva indicam um isolamento reprodutivo incompleto entre as espécies em questão. Tais resultados permitem identificar indivíduos híbridos com vários níveis de introgressão na cidade de Viçosa. Além disso, o presente estudo adiciona alguns dados ausentes sobre a morfometria clássica de Callithriquídeos, apresentando medidas corporais externas nunca relatadas.Hybridization is the interbreeding between individuals from distinct populations resulting in the production of some offspring of mixed ancestry. Natural hybridization is an important evolutionary mechanism that hasbeen reported in the last 25 years for several Neotropical Primate. New World Monkeys show remarkable variation in body size and they have been identified on the basis of a mosaic pelage color. Studies on morphometry of this group are scarce in scientific literature, since most studies have been restricted to body weight analysis and compilation of data originated from old studies. We detected groups of hybrid individuals in Viçosa s forest fragments, described the corporal and facial pelage variation pattern of such individuals and characterize the external morphometry of them. The study involved 79 marmosets (40 hibrid genus Callithrix, 22 C. penicillata and 17 C. geoffroyi). They were captured with a multiple-entrance trap, anesthetized, photographed and measured. Based on the body patterns, we found a uniform color among the hybrid individuals and the faces morphotypes showed five different and intermediate configurations. No morphometrical difference between male and female was found. The three species are statistic similar to Body Length. Among hybrids and C. penicillata we note a similarity in the head measures and the body mass, whereas there is a greater resemblance between the hybrids with C. geoffroyi concerning limbs measures. The existence of the hybrid morphotypes and their high reproductive fitness indicate incomplete reproductive isolation between the species. Those findings provide subvention to identify hybrid individuals with various degrees of introgression at Viçosa s forest fragments. Moreover, present results added some missing data to marmosets classical morphometry, showing external body measurements never studied

Average SDD raw data

Raw data obtained from 16 studies on average seed dispersal distance by Neotropical primates used to built PGLS and Path models. Detailed information about sources is available on electronic supplementary material S

Small but Nice–Seed Dispersal by Tamarins Compared to Large Neotropical Primates

Tamarins, small Neotropical primates of the genera Saguinus and Leontocebus, have a mainly frugivorous-faunivorous diet. While consuming the pulp of a high diversity of fruit species, they also swallow seeds and void them intact, thus acting as seed dispersers. Here we compare different aspects of the seed dispersal ecology of tamarins with that of large Neotropical primates from the genera Ateles (spider monkeys) and Lagothrix (woolly monkeys). Due to their small body size, tamarins disperse seeds of a smaller size range, fewer seeds per defecation, and seeds from a smaller number of different plant species per defecation compared to these atelines. We discuss whether tamarin seed dispersal is redundant or complementary to seed dispersal by atelines. On the level of plant species, our comparisons suggest that redundancy or complementarity depends on the plant species concerned. On the habitat level, seed dispersal by tamarins and large New World primates is probably complementary. Particularly, since tamarins are capable of persisting in disturbed forests and near human settlements, they are more likely to contribute to the natural regeneration of such areas than larger primates

Average SDD raw data

Raw data obtained from 16 studies on average seed dispersal distance by Neotropical primates used to built PGLS and Path models. Detailed information about sources is available on electronic supplementary material S

A meta-analysis of anthropogenic impacts on physiological stress in wild primates

peer reviewedAs humanity continues to alter the environment extensively, comprehending the effect of anthro- pogenic disturbances on the health, survival, and fitness of wildlife is a crucial question for conservation science. Many primate populations occupy suboptimal habitats prone to diverse anthropogenic disturbances that may be sources of acute and chronic stress. Quantification of glucocorticoid (GC) concentrations has repeatedly been used to explore the impact of disturbances on physiological stress. Although it is still debated, prolonged elevation of GC levels may impair reproduction, growth, and immune system activity of individuals. We quantified the effect of anthropogenic disturbances on physiological stress in primates with a global meta-analysis based on data from 26 articles, covering 24 distinct species in 13 different countries. Anthropogenic disturbances were classified into 6 distinct categories: habitat loss, habitat degradation, ongoing logging, hunting, tourism, and other human activities. We calculated effect sizes (Hedges’ g) with the standardized mean difference in GC concentrations between primates affected by human activity and their undisturbed conspecifics. We ran random-effects models and subgroup analyses to estimate the overall effect as well as a cumulative effect size for each disturbance category. Overall, primates inhabiting sites subject to anthropogenic disturbances exhibited significantly higher GC levels (g = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.28–0.93). Habitat loss and hunting were overall associated with increased GC con- centrations, whereas the cumulative effects of the other disturbances were not statistically significant. Biologically, high GC levels may increase fitness by enabling individuals to overcome the challenges linked to anthropogenic disturbances. However, primates in disturbed environments may have sustained elevated GC levels. To strengthen future research, it is necessary to control confounding factors systematically (e.g., diet, reproductive status, preda- tory pressure, and resource availability) and improve understanding of the link between GC levels and the health, fitness, and survival of animals.Physiological and behavioural responses to habitat quality by black lion tamarins in Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Anthropogenic impacts on free-ranging primates: A meta-analysis of physiological stress

peer reviewe