Primer registro en la Península Ibérica de Oobius rudnevi (Nowicki, 1928) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), un parasitoide oófago poco conocido de Cerambyx sp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Oobius rudnevi (Nowicki, 1928) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is first reported from Iberia and southern Europe using sentinel eggs. The parasitoid was detected in July 2016 in three oak open woodlands in Extremadura (SW Spain), located in Almendral (La Jara) and Mérida (La Serrana and Cornalvo Natural Park). O. rudnevi para-sitized both the eggs of Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 (its only known host to date) and C. welensii (Küster, 1845), which constitutes a new host-parasitoid association (C. welensii-O. rudnevi). Parasitism rate was quite variable among sites and dates (range 0–93%), with a higher prevalence in C. cerdo than in C. welensii. New studies are conducted in the field and laboratory to explore the ecology, behaviour and parasitic potential of O. rudnevi in Mediterranean oak open woodlands.Se cita por primera vez a Oobius rudnevi (Nowicki, 1928) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) de la Península Ibérica y el sur de Europa usando huevos centinela. El parasitoide se detectó en julio de 2016 en tres dehesas en Extremadura (SO de España), localizadas en Almendral (La Jara) y Mérida (La Serrana y Parque Natural de Cornalvo). O. rudnevi parasitó tanto los huevos de Cerambyx cerdo Linnaeus, 1758 (su único hospedador conocido hasta la fecha) como los de C. welensii (Küster, 1845), lo que supone una nueva asociación hospedador-parasitoide (C. welensii-O. rudnevi). El porcentaje de parasitismo se mostró bastante variable entre sitios y fechas (rango 0–93%), con mayor prevalencia en C. cerdo que en C. welensii. Nuevos estudios se desarrollan en campo y laboratorio para explorar la ecología, comportamiento y potencial parasitario de O. rudnevi en las dehesas mediterráneas de quercíneas

First record of Inonotus tamaricis in Romania with comments on its cultural characteristics

Inonotus tamaricis is a lignicolous basidiomycete associated exclusively with Tamarixspecies. The first Romanian record of this species is reported from Constanta city, near the Black Sea coast, where it was detected on Tamarix tetrandra. We noticed that in pure culture it forms swollen hyphae in the aerial mycelium, which have not been reported so far for I. tamaricis

Multilocus phylogeny and ecological differentiation of the "Eupelmus urozonus species group" (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae) in the West-Palaearctic

Background: The ecological differentiation of insects with parasitic life-style is a complex process that may involve phylogenetic constraints as well as morphological and/ or behavioural adaptations. In most cases, the relative importance of these driving forces remains unexplored. We investigate here this question for the “ Eupelmus urozonus species group ” which encompasses parasitoid wasps of potential interest in biological control. This was achieved using seven molecular markers, re liable records on 91 host species and a proxy of the ovipositor length. Results: After using an adequate partitioning scheme, Maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches provide a well-resolved phylogeny supporting the monophyly of this species group and highlighting its subdivision into three sub-groups. Great variations of both the ovipositor length and the host range (specialist versus generalist) were observed at this scale, with these two features being not significantly constrained by the phylogeny. Ovipositor length was not shown as a significant predictor of the parasitoid host range. Conclusions: This study provides firstly the first evidence for the strong lability of both the ovipositor's length and the realised host range in a set of phylogeneticall y related and sympatric species. In both cases, strong contrasts were observed between sister species. Moreover, no significant correlation was found between these two features. Alternative drivers of the ecological differentiation such as interspecific interactions are proposed and the consequences on the recruitment of these parasitoids on native and exotic pests are discussed

Torymus sinensis and its close relatives in Europe: a multilocus phylogeny, detailed morphological analysis, and identification key

The introduction of the biological control agent Torymus sinensis Kamijo (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) to control the populations of the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus Yasumatsu (Hymenoptera, Cynipidae) is considered one of the successful programs in biological control. The species was involved in interspecific hybridisation in Japan and the specimens imported into Europe were derived from this hybrid lineage, showing signs of introgression. The discovery of mitochondrial haplotypes or possible Enolase haplotypes from T. beneficus or of specimens with shorter ovipositor does not necessarily imply that T. beneficus is present in Europe, only that the European specimens are of hybrid origin. Of the native European Torymus species associated with D. kuriphilus, the molecular and morphometric results indicate Torymus notatus (Walker) as the closest species to T. sinensis. The two are part of the same species-group (cyaneus group), are nested together in the multivariate ratio analysis and are the closest genetically based on all three nuclear markers: Enolase (1.5% divergence), Wingless (2%) and ITS2 (13%). However, on the mitochondrial marker COI the closest species is Torymus rubi (Schrank) at 9.9% divergence. As such, T. notatus is the most likely candidate for accidental interspecific hybridisation if this is to happen in Europe. We provide an illustrated identification key for the European species of Torymus associated with D. kuriphilus, an important but lacking tool for biological control programs

The Chalcidoidea bush of life: evolutionary history of a massive radiation of minute wasps.

Chalcidoidea are mostly parasitoid wasps that include as many as 500 000 estimated species. Capturing phylogenetic signal from such a massive radiation can be daunting. Chalcidoidea is an excellent example of a hyperdiverse group that has remained recalcitrant to phylogenetic resolution. We combined 1007 exons obtained with Anchored Hybrid Enrichment with 1048 ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) for 433 taxa including all extant families, >95% of all subfamilies, and 356 genera chosen to represent the vast diversity of the superfamily. Going back and forth between the molecular results and our collective knowledge of morphology and biology, we detected bias in the analyses that was driven by the saturation of nucleotide data. Our final results are based on a concatenated analysis of the least saturated exons and UCE datasets (2054 loci, 284 106 sites). Our analyses support an expected sister relationship with Mymarommatoidea. Seven previously recognized families were not monophyletic, so support for a new classification is discussed. Natural history in some cases would appear to be more informative than morphology, as illustrated by the elucidation of a clade of plant gall associates and a clade of taxa with planidial first-instar larvae. The phylogeny suggests a transition from smaller soft-bodied wasps to larger and more heavily sclerotized wasps, with egg parasitism as potentially ancestral for the entire superfamily. Deep divergences in Chalcidoidea coincide with an increase in insect families in the fossil record, and an early shift to phytophagy corresponds with the beginning of the "Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution". Our dating analyses suggest a middle Jurassic origin of 174 Ma (167.3-180.5 Ma) and a crown age of 162.2 Ma (153.9-169.8 Ma) for Chalcidoidea. During the Cretaceous, Chalcidoidea may have undergone a rapid radiation in southern Gondwana with subsequent dispersals to the Northern Hemisphere. This scenario is discussed with regard to knowledge about the host taxa of chalcid wasps, their fossil record and Earth's palaeogeographic history

Reikosiella (Hirticauda) gordoni Fusu, 2013, sp. nov.

4. Reikosiella (Hirticauda) gordoni sp. nov. (Figs 3, 13, 23, 36, 49–52) SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Holotype Ƥ: GREECE: Kerkini lake nr Neo/ Petritsi, Malaise trap/ Midway Site 30.VI–06.VII. 2008 / N 41 ° 18 ’ 49.8 ”; E 23 ° 16 ’ 35.6 ” 750m asl/ Leg. Gordon Ramel (AICF) [card mounted on the right side, uncontorted, entire]. ETYMOLOGY. Named in honor of Gordon Ramel in recognition of his collecting effort in the Kerkini Lake National Park and his contribution to the knowledge of the biodiversity of Greece. DESCRIPTION. FEMALE. Holotype Ƥ: length 1.65 mm. Head (Fig. 3) green, with golden, coppery, and magenta reflections on vertex and a wide, transverse, bright magenta stripe between anterior ocellus and upper limit of scrobal depression, and rest with golden and coppery reflections under some angles, especially on scrobal depression; maxillary and labial palpi white. Antenna with scape pale-brown with magenta and green lustres under some angles of light and darker dorsal and ventral margins and extreme base; pedicel and F 1 concolorous with scape, F 2 –F 6 white, F 7, F 8 and clava dark brown (Fig. 52). Mesosoma (Figs 13, 23) with pronotum yellowishbrown dorsally and yellow laterally, with faint metallic lustre under some angles of light and a small, almost black spot on lateral corner anterior to each spiracle; mesoscutum brown with strong golden-green reflections, with a blue hue on convex anterior part and intense copper reflections on median depressed area; scutellum and axillae contrasting in color, the axillae yellow and scutellum green with golden and coppery reflections; prepectus, tegula, dorsellum and propodeum brown, the latter with some metallic lustre; acropleuron brownish-yellow, mesepisternum with some brown tinges. Fore wing with pale brownish venation except median part of submarginal vein lighter; disc not conspicuously infuscate, with a brownish tint at base of basal cell, pale brownish beyond parastigma and with a darker, fuzzy spot behind it (Figs 23, 49). Legs with contrasting light and dark regions, fore leg yellowish except brownish claws, posterior surfaces of apical half of femur and tibia, and dirty-white knee; mid leg with yellowish-brown coxa, trochanter and tarsus, and whitish-yellow femur and tibia except femur with a brown spot on apical half of posterior surface extending slightly on the dorsal surface and tibia with a brown subbasal ring; hind leg with brownish coxa and femur except ventral side paler, tibia with dirty-white basal half, whitish-yellow apex, and a large brown subapical ring interrupted ventrally, tarsus whitish-yellow, with brownish last tarsomere. Metasoma with Mt 1 brownish, Mt 2 and Mt 3 translucent, whitish, with a broad brownish band across Mt 2, Mt 4 –Mt 8 brown, with faint multicolored metallic lustres. Ovipositor sheath with a broad, dirty-white ring, and brown basal 2 / 5 and apical 1 / 5. Head shiny, with alutaceous sculpture on lower face, occipital area, gena and temples, but area near malar sulcus more polished, frontovertex shining with sparse setiferous pinprick-like punctures; scrobal depression shallow and wide, slightly Ω-shaped, imperceptibly merging into frons, in lateral view with undifferentiated lower parascrobal region, uniformly coriaceous-granular with granules slightly smaller than an ommatidium (Figs 3, 50); setae on frontovertex black and recumbent, those on lower face translucent. Frontovertex 0.4 × head width, with ocelli arranged in a nearly right triangle. Eye inconspicuously microsetose with setae slightly shorter than an ommatidium. Toruli with upper margin in line with lower orbit. Scape in dorsal view strongly curved, in outer view about 3 × as long as wide, wider medially with ventral and dorsal margins symmetrically evenly curved and with an inconspicuous ventral lamina; in outer view pedicel 1.8 × as long as wide, F 1 clearly transverse, F 2 only slightly longer than wide, and following segments all longer than wide, of similar length but gradually broadened toward clava; clava 2.75 × as long as wide, only slightly shorter than two and a half apical funiculars; pedicel plus flagellum 1.5 × HW. Relative measurements: HW 29, FV 12, HL 15, HH 22, EL 15.5, EW 11.5, MS 9.5, LOL 3, OOL 2, POL 4, MPOD 3, SL 14.5, SW 5. Mesosoma with pronotum medially divided, with inconspicuous alutaceous sculpture and sparse semierect setae, 10 of which are longer and arranged in a line along posterior margin; mesoscutum smooth and shiny except for a few longitudinal rugae in front of anterior angle of scutellum, with 4 setae on this sculptured area and with one longer seta on each side of it, with median depressed area bare in rest, convex median lobe inconspicuously coriaceous and with sparse translucent short setae, lateral lobes carinate at extreme posterior end, inconspicuously coriaceous dorsally and on sides, and with sparse translucent short setae. Axillae obliquely alutaceous with narrow cells, appearing striate, with anterior edge in same plane as scutellum base, and convexly sloping posteriorly; scutellum convex, dorsally circularly reticulate (mesh size much smaller than an ommatidium), but becoming semicircularly imbricate-coriaceous posterodorsally and posterior surface with gradually effaced sculpture; setation of axillae and scutellum inconspicuous, with 4 setae on scutellum (2 on each side) and 5 setae on posteriorly sloping surface of axilla. Dorsellum with a large rounded median lobe covering apex of scutellum. Propodeum with narrow and abruptly sloping plical depression, plical region narrow, anteriorly with broadly Ushaped and posteriorly with Λ-shaped carinae nearly touching medially and with a very short median carina, posterior carina raised into low triangular translucent flange; callar region slightly convex with sparse, long white setae in outer half, and moderately large spiracle much smaller than a posterior ocellus and separated from anterior margin by distance equal to its own smallest diameter. Acropleuron with sparse translucent setae only below prepectus, imperceptibly alutaceous in extreme anterior end and rest polished; cuticle very thin so that attachment site of mesotergal-mesopleural muscle clearly visible; mesepisternum alutaceous, with sparse white setae except for extreme anterior region, the setae longer in front of mid coxa and along acropleural sulcus. Hind coxa smooth, with sparse, long, translucent setae along ventral margin of outer surface and with a few setae along dorsal edge. Mesotibia with 4 apical pegs. Fore wing 2.7 × as long as wide; basal cell entirely microsetose, the setae dark at base and translucent elsewhere; costal cell with a few setae at base on ventral side and with a single median line of small, inconspicuous setae; distal end of costal cell, parastigma and area behind it with longer, darker setae than rest of disc which is evenly setose with short, brownish setae; venation with long uncus and stigma not enlarged (Figs 36, 51), cc: mv: stv: pmv: uncus: u-pmv = 3.6: 4.9: 1: 1.8: 0.55: 0.7. Relative measurements: MSL 50, MSCL 24, MSCW 22, SCL 13, SCW 10, AXW 7, AXL 7, FWL 73, FWW 27, cc 20, mv 27, stv 5.5, pmv 10, uncus 3, upmv 4, HWL 66, HWW 14, MT 30, HT 28. Metasoma with terga finely reticulate, sparsely setose on sides; Mt 7 reticulate-polished basally and polished in apical half; Mt 8 (syntergum) polished, with sparse, long, erect black setae on ventrolateral side; Mt 2 –Mt 4 emarginate medially, Mt 5 only slightly emarginate; Mt 8 (syntergum) with a distinct dorsal surface anterior to emargination surrounding posteriorly facing anal sclerite. Ovipositor sheath 0.8 × hind tibia length. Relative measurements: MTL 48, MTW 26, OL 23. MALE. Unknown. RECOGNITION. Females of this species are easily recognizable by the following combination of characters: F 2 –F 6 white, basal cell setose, body extensively testaceous with bright metallic green lustre on head and mesoscutum, and green, metallic scutellum contrasting with yellow axillae. BIOLOGY. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. Greece.Published as part of Fusu, Lucian, 2013, A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae), pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 3636 (1) on pages 15-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3636.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28356

An integrative taxonomic study of European Eupelmus (Macroneura) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae), with a molecular and cytogenetic analysis of Eupelmus (Macroneura) vesicularis: several species hiding under one name for 240 years

The European species of Eupelmus (Macroneura Walker), including the cosmopolitan and extremely polyphagous species Eupelmus vesicularis (Retzius), are revised using an integrative approach. DNA sequences of the D2 expansion region of the 28S ribosomal subunit (28S-D2) and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I (COI), karyological, and new morphological evidence are used to demonstrate that several cryptic species have been included under the name E. vesicularis in Europe and the species Eupelmus impennis Nikol’skaya was misinterpreted in the past. Eupelmus messene Walker, described from a specimen collected in New Zealand by Charles Darwin, is removed from synonymy under E. vesicularis and treated as a cosmopolitan valid species. The biological attributes that promoted the successful colonization of new territories by this species are discussed. Neotypes are designated for Eupelmus messene and Ichneumon vesicularis, and lectotypes for Eupelmus degeeri Dalman, Eupelmella maculata Ferrière, and Eupelminus coleopterophagus Girault. Four new species are described: Eupelmus (Macroneura) balcanicus sp. nov. and E. (Macroneura) rameli sp. nov. from the Balkan Peninsula, E. (Macroneura) barai sp. nov. from throughout Europe except from the north and Eupelmus (Macroneura) vladimiri sp. nov. from the Balkan Peninsula and Middle East. The first three species and E. messene were previously included under E. vesicularis introducing a lot of uncertainty into the extensive literature under this name. Morphological limits of the species are discussed. Males of five species are recognized and diagnosed for the first time. A key to females of 12 species and known males of European Eupelmus (Macroneura) is provided. The key illustrations and differential diagnoses provided will help in the confident identification of this species in the future and benefit ecologists and researchers involved in the biological control of insect pests.Author’s visits to BMNH, HNHM, MNCN, and MNHN were supported by the SYNTHESYS Project (http://www.synthesys.info/), financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 ‘Capacities’ Program (GB-TAF-490, HU-TAF-2949, ES-TAF-1816, and FR-TAF-1155), and his research is currently sustained by the internal grant GI-2015-02 awarded by the Al. I. Cuza University of Iaşi.Peer reviewe

Reikosiella

Key to females of Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) 1 Antennal funicle unicolorous, dark brown.................................................................. 2 - Antennal funicle with 4 or 5 white flagellomeres............................................................ 7 2 (1) Basal cell bare except along mediocubital fold and darkened base with a few brown setae; body mostly testaceous with darker metasoma except head with a faint greenish lustre, mesoscutum with green and violet lustres under some angles, and scutellum and axillae unicolorous bright yellow..................................................................... 3 - Basal cell uniformly covered with translucent short setae (sometimes only brown setae on darkened base obvious, the rest being translucent and inconspicuous); body differently colored, scutellum and axillae sometimes contrasting in color..... 4 3 (2) Scutellum on each side with a tuft of erect, black setae; fore wing infuscate in proximal part of basal and costal cells and beyond base of parastigma except for arched hyaline cross-band with parallel margins extending behind marginal vein to posterior margin, and with infuscation gradually fading beyond postmarginal vein toward apex of wing (Fig. 24); antenna elongate, 1.7 × longer than breadth of head, and with F 1 up to 2 × longer than wide...................... R. cornuta sp. nov. - Scutellum on each side with a line of 2 or 3 semierect black setae; fore wing with 2 conspicuous infuscate bands (one behind parastigma and basal half of marginal vein, the other behind stigmal vein and apical quarter of marginal vein) and with slightly darkened base and apex (Fig. 19); antenna shorter, 1.4 × longer than breadth of head, and with F 1 subquadrate........................................................................................ R. bolivari (Kalina) comb. nov. 4 (2) Scutellum metallic with blue, green or coppery lustres, usually contrasting in color with ochraceous axillae............. 5 - Scutellum bright yellow............................................................................... 6 5 (4) Scrobal depression above interantennal region smooth and shiny except for fine alutaceous sculpture and strongly alutaceous on upper angles adjacent to orbit; frontovertex similarly shiny except for more evident alutaceous sculpture behind posterior ocelli (Fig. 1); uncus as long as half-length of stigmal vein (Figs 38, 47); ovipositor sheath at most as long as hind tibia.............................................................................. R. rostrata (Ruschka) comb. nov. - Scrobal depression above interantennal region coriaceous-granular with strong, shiny and smooth granule, and frontovertex conspicuously coriaceous-granular (Fig. 2); uncus slightly shorter than a third length of stigmal vein (Fig. 31); ovipositor sheath 1.4 × as long as hind tibia....................................................... R. andriescui sp. nov. 6 (4) Scutellum and axillae with black, semierect setae contrasting with yellowish cuticle, the setae on scutellum arranged in a ribcage-like pattern (Fig. 15); body with faint sculpture and mostly yellowish to testaceous; fore wing partly infuscated starting from parastigma and at proximal angle of basal cell, with three darker fuzzy areas—one behind parastigma and extreme base of marginal vein, one behind stigmal vein that hardly extends to median fold, and one distad stigmal vein at anterodistal angle of wing; ovipositor sheath about 5 / 6 as long as hind tibia and with subapical yellowish ring............ R. graeca sp. nov. - Setae on scutellum and axillae pale and inconspicuous and axillae darker than the mostly bright yellow scutellum; body with conspicuous reticulate sculpture and largely brown, but with yellowish scutellum and antennal scape; fore wing uniformly infuscate starting from parastigma and at proximal angle of basal cell except for well delimited lighter transverse cross-band behind apical half of marginal vein; ovipositor sheath a little longer than hind tibia and unicolorous brown, only slightly darker toward base and apex.................................................................. R. vanharteni sp. n. 7 (1) Antennal funicle with 4 white flagellomeres (F 3 –F 6)........................................................ 8 - Antennal funicle with 5 white flagellomeres............................................................... 9 8 (7) Ovipositor sheath slightly longer than hind tibia and almost entirely dark; body mostly dark with head and mesoscutum metallic bluish-green; scutellum dark green, not contrasting with dark brown axillae.................. R. hungarica (Erd õ s) - Ovipositor sheath shorter, half as long as hind tibia and with pale median ring separating dark brown basal and apical quarters; body with many testaceous areas but head and mesoscutum bright green; scutellum dark green, contrasting with bright yellow axillae........................................................................... R. tripotinorum sp. nov. 9 (7) Flagellomeres F 3 –F 7 white; basal cell bare except darkened base with a few brown setae and along mediocubital fold; body mostly testaceous, but with a faint purple-green metallic lustre under some angles on head and mesoscutum; scutellum and axillae bright yellow................................................................... R. koreana sp. nov. - Flagellomeres F 2 –F 6 white; basal cell sparsely covered with translucent, short setae; body extensively testaceous and brownish, but head and scutellum bright metallic green, mesoscutum with a bright golden-green lustre; scutellum green, contrasting with bright yellow axillae................................................................ R. gordoni sp. nov.Published as part of Fusu, Lucian, 2013, A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae), pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 3636 (1) on pages 5-6, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3636.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28356

A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae)

Fusu, Lucian (2013): A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae). Zootaxa 3636 (1): 1-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3636.1.

Reikosiella (Hirticauda) cornuta Fusu, 2013, sp. nov.

3. Reikosiella (Hirticauda) cornuta sp. nov. (Figs 4, 16, 24, 33) SPECIMENS EXAMINED. Holotype Ƥ: S. KOREA: Kangwondo/ Chuncheon, Nam-myeon/ Magog-li along Hongchoen riv./ Mal. tr., clearing, pine+larch for/ N 37 ˚ 43.786 ’ E 127 ˚ 34.589 ’, 70m / 12.VI– 11.VII. 2004 Tripotin rec. (AICF) [card mounted on the right side, uncontorted, entire]. Paratype: 1 Ƥ, S. KOREA: Kangwondo/ Chuncheon, Nam-myeon/ Magog- li, along Hongchoen riv./ 70m, 5 Mal. trs., larch planted/ forest N 37 ˚ 43.786 ’ E 127 ˚ 34.589 ’/ 24.V– 12.VI. 2004 Tripotin rec. (AICF, will be deposited in CNC). ETYMOLOGY. The specific epithet refers to the two tufts of black setae on the scutellum that resemble two horns. DESCRIPTION. FEMALE. Holotype Ƥ: length 3.2 mm. Head (Fig. 4) yellowish-brown, with a faint goldengreen lustre on frontovertex, interantennal prominence and on gena behind malar sulcus, and scrobal depression with violet glimmer under some angles of light (Fig. 16); maxillary and labial palpi yellowish-brown. Antenna dark-brown except scape yellow with dorsal margin brown, pedicel and F 1 with distinct blue and violet lustres, and F 2 –F 3 with distinct bluish-green lustre. Mesosoma (Fig. 16) similar to head, with scutellum and axillae yellow, contrasting somewhat with the more infuscated surrounding sclerites, and following areas brown: a spot on lateral corner of pronotum anterior to each spiracle, tegula, thin line along convex anterior part of median mesoscutal lobe and dorsal ridge of each lateral lobe, propodeum, metapleuron, and upper mesepisternum medially; posterior edge of median mesoscutal lobe and outer side of lateral lobe with bluish-green lustre, depressed median area with a faint violet longitudinal stripe that looks blue medially under some angles of light. Fore wing with brownish venation except stv and pmv darker and median part of submarginal vein paler; infuscated in proximal part of basal and costal cells and beyond base of parastigma except for arched hyaline cross-band with parallel edges extending behind marginal vein to posterior margin, and with infuscation gradually fading beyond postmarginal vein toward apex of wing (Fig. 24). Legs including coxae mostly yellowish-brown with a dark brown stripe along dorsal margin of posterior surface of hind femur, dark hind coxa and dorsal surface of middle coxa and with following paler, yellowish: dorsal surface of fore femur, anterior surface of fore leg, ventral surface of middle femur, two wide fuzzy rings at base and apex of mid tibia, ventral surface of hind femur, dorsal margin of hind tibia, and all knees and tarsi except claws. Metasoma with Mt 1 brownish, Mt 2 and Mt 3 white and translucent, with anterodorsal angles of Mt 2 tinged with brown, Mt 4 –Mt 6 dark-brown, Mt 7 and Mt 8 dorsally with a strong golden-green lustre. Ovipositor sheath with a broad submedian dirty-white ring, graduated brownish-yellow apically (only moderately darker than the medial pale region) and abruptly dark brown in basal third. Head shiny, with following areas of almost effaced sculpture: finely coriaceous on vertex and lower face, becoming alutaceous toward malar sulcus (area near sulcus polished), alutaceous on upper scrobal depression, temples and occiput, and rest almost polished (Fig. 4); scrobal depression shallow and wide, subrectangular, imperceptibly merging into frons, in lateral view with slightly angular lower parascrobal region. Head with numerous setiferous pinprick-like punctures except on middle of frons and scrobal depression; setae on frontovertex and along internal eye margin conspicuously long, black and erect, but more prostrate on occiput, and pale and shorter on lower face. Frontovertex 0.35 × head width, with ocelli arranged in a right triangle. Eye inconspicuously microsetose with setae much shorter than an ommatidium. Toruli with upper margin in line with lower orbit. Scape in dorsal view strongly curved, in outer view 5 × as long as wide with a very narrow ventral lamina in apical 3 / 5, and ventral margin slightly sinuate and narrowed basally, otherwise nearly parallel sided; in outer view pedicel 2 × as long as wide, F 1 clearly elongate, 2 × as long as wide and 0.7 × as long as pedicel; F 2 very long, more than 4 × as long as wide, and following segments gradually shortened and broadened toward clava but all longer than wide; clava more than 2 × as long as wide, only slightly longer than combined length of apical two funiculars; pedicel plus flagellum 1.8 × HW. Relative measurements: HW 57, FV 20, HL 28, HH 50, EL 33, EW 24, MS 19, LOL 4, OOL 3, POL 6.5, MPOD 5, SL 35, SW 7. Pronotum and mesoscutum shiny; pronotum medially divided, with fine alutaceous sculpture especially on lateral surfaces, and with long erect setae as follows: 10 in row along posterior margin, 3 on posterior half of each lateral margin and 4 at anterior margin; mesoscutum polished except convex median lobe and dorsal surface of lateral lobes finely coriaceous (lateral lobe with very small mesh size), with black erect setae as follows: a group of about 8 setae posteriorly on convex part of median lobe, a line of 7 setae along outer surface of lateral lobe, another line along lateral margin of mesoscutum, a few scattered setae on sides of median depressed area, and a line of 4 setae at its posterior margin, lateral lobes carinate in posterior half. Axillae obliquely alutaceous with narrow cells, appearing striate, with anterior edge in same plane as scutellum base, gradually convexly sloping posteriorly, with a few black, erect setae on posterolateral slope; scutellum convex, dorsally circularly coriaceous to reticulateimbricate mesally (mesh size much smaller than an ommatidium), becoming semicircularly imbricate-coriaceous posterodorsally and polished on posterior surface, with a tuft of erect, black setae on each side dorsally (Figs 16, 24) and a pair of similar setae at most convex point. Dorsellum polished, with a rounded median lobe covering apex of scutellum. Propodeum without plical depression, with wide plical region slightly below plane of callar regions, mostly smooth, with a longitudinal median carina, anteriorly broadly V-shaped and posteriorly broadly ∩- shaped carinate; callar region slightly convex with dense, long white setae in outer half, and with large spiracle about as large as a posterior ocellus and separated from anterior margin by distance equal to its own smallest diameter. Acropleuron bare, coriaceous anteriorly and alutaceous along dorsal and ventral margins, but much less so posteriorly and polished medially; cuticle very thin so attachment site of mesotergal-mesopleural muscle clearly visible; mesepisternum alutaceous, with white setae except for extreme anterior region, the setae denser and longer in front of mid coxa and along acropleural sulcus. Hind coxa finely alutaceous, with dense white setae along ventral margin and on anteroventral corner of outer surface, and a few long setae on posterior margin of dorsal edge. Mesotibia with 8 apical pegs. Fore wing 3 × as long as wide; basal cell bare except setose basally and with 3 or 4 setae on mediocubital fold; costal cell microsetose at base on ventral side and with a single median line of longer setae; parastigma with longer, darker setae than rest of disc, which is evenly setose with setae dark brown on infuscated areas and white on translucent band; venation with long uncus and stigma not enlarged (Fig. 33), cc: mv: stv: pmv: uncus: u-pmv = 5.9: 10: 1: 2.6: 0.4: 1.1. Relative measurements: MSL 96, MSCL 44, MSCW 46, SCL 23, SCW 18, AXW 14, AXL 14, FWL 160, FWW 52, cc 41, mv 70, stv 7, pmv 18, uncus 3, u-pmv 8, HWL 144, HWW 33, MT 66, HT 65. Metasoma with terga finely alutaceous, sparsely setose mostly on sides; Mt 7 alutaceous-polished in basal half and polished with scattered pinprick-like punctures in apical half; Mt 8 (syntergum) polished, with sparse erect black setae on lateroventral side; Mt 2 –Mt 4 emarginate medially, Mt 5 only slightly emarginate; Mt 8 (syntergum) with a distinct dorsal surface anterior to emargination surrounding posteriorly facing anal sclerite. Ovipositor sheath only slightly shorter than hind tibia. Relative measurements: MTL 110, MTW 45, OL 62. VARIABILITY. The paratype is very similar to the holotype except for the following measurements: length 2.9 mm, HW 55, FV 19, HL 27, HH 47, EL 31, EW 23, MS 18, LOL 4, OOL 3, POL 6, MPOD 5, SL 32, SW 6.5, MSL 86, MSCL 40, MSCW 41, SCL 21, SCW 16.5, AXW 11, AXL 11, FWL 147, FWW 50, cc 40, mv 62, stv 6, pmv 17, uncus 3, u-pmv 8, HWL 128, HWW 30, MT 60, HT 58, MTL 112, MTW 46, OL 55. MALE. Unknown. RECOGNITION. Females of Reikosiella cornuta are most similar to R. bolivari and R. graeca because of their mostly yellowish-brown body color with bright yellow scutellar-axillar complex and dark antennal flagellum. They can be readily differentiated from the latter two species by the long, conspicuous setae on the scutellum, which are arranged in two tufts, a larger body size, and their fore wing infuscation pattern. BIOLOGY. Unknown. DISTRIBUTION. South Korea.Published as part of Fusu, Lucian, 2013, A revision of the Palaearctic species of Reikosiella (Hirticauda) (Hymenoptera, Eupelmidae), pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 3636 (1) on pages 12-13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3636.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/28356