Cation Permeability in Soybean Aleurone Layer

The permeation of water and ions into bean seeds is essential for processing and cooking of beans. The permeability of cations, K, Na, Ca, and Mg ions, into soybean seed tissue, especially aleurone layer, during water uptake was investigated to characterize the ion permeation into soybeans. Aleurone layers and seed coats contained relatively high concentration of endogenous K and Ca ions, and endogenous Ca ion, respectively. The amounts of Ca ion entered seed coats and aleurone layers were greater than those of other ions, respectively. Ion contents per dried aleurone layer and dried seed coat were almost same from each other. The release of Ca and Mg ions toward the inside tissue from the aleurone layer was observed during water uptake. The cell wall column of aleurone layers adsorbed more K and Na ions than Ca and Mg ions. These results suggest that the Ca ion entered soybean seeds is actively transported from the seed coat to the embryo through the aleurone layer. The active migration of Ca to soybean embryos would be greatly usefull for producing foods enriched with Ca in processing and cooking of soybeans

On the Embroidery Cloth Called Suzani in Central Asia: With Special Reference to Its Ai Palak Type

The embroidery cloth called suzani has been widely produced and used in Central Asia. Prepared by female member of a family for a girl\u27s marriageable age, it originally constituted a crucial part of dowry in which a bride brought some ten pieces of suzani with her. The making process of a suzani work is unique: firstly, a rough sketch is drawn on a narrow cloth. Secondly, the design on the cloth is stitched with silk thread. Lastly, several pieces of embroidered cloth are sewed together into a single large work. This large suzani is used in various ways such as a wall-hanging, a prayer rug, and a table cloth. This paper is a preliminary report on ai palak or palak, one of the regional types of suzani centred at Tashkent and Pskent in Uzbekistan. In general, an ai palak cloth represents one or more than one red roundel motif. While smaller motifs show stars, larger ones indicate the moon and moonlight even though there are several similar motifs. In other words, ai palak represents the night sky in which the moon and stars are shining. In addition to the above report, the paper introduces recent circumstances of the suzani production both in handmade and machine-made industry

フクゲンゴ シュギ ニオケル ゲンゴ イシキ キョウイク イギリス ノ ゲンゴ イシキ ウンドウ ノ アラタナ カノウセイ

研究ノートIn the 1970s, Language Awareness (LA) was put forward as a "bridging subject" in the UK school curriculum primarily by modern linguists such as Eric Hawkins. It was regarded as a solution to certain problems in UK schools at that time: functional illiteracy in English, difficulty in learning foreign languages, and prejudices in the increasingly multicultural society. This grassroots movement was partially stifled in that the national curriculum of 1988 did not specifically allow for LA or language to be formally taught. But this setback did not mean that the LA movement failed or was useless. LA has developed further since 1988, and the Language Awareness movement has now grown beyond Europe into a global endeavour. At the same time, EU countries have introduced the concept of plurilingualism, to be realized in the context of pluriculturalism, and have begun to conduct language education under the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). This language education policy has brought new potentialities and roles to LA. Today\u27s curriculum developers have a pan-European perspective, and LA now serves not only to develop mother tongue and foreign language competences but also to promote understanding of cultural diversities. Education in the UK is no exception, and a new project, LA in primary schools, is under way

Compound auroral micromorphology: ground-based high-speed imaging

Auroral microphysics still remains partly unexplored. Cutting-edge ground-based optical observations using scientific complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras recently enabled us to observe the fine-scale morphology of bright aurora at magnetic zenith for a variety of rapidly varying features for long uninterrupted periods. We report two interesting examples of combinations of fine-scale rapidly varying auroral features as observed by the sCMOS cameras installed at Poker Flat Research Range (PFRR), Alaska, in February 2014. The first example shows that flickering rays and pulsating modulation simultaneously appeared at the middle of a surge in the pre-midnight sector. The second example shows localized flickering aurora associated with growing eddies at the poleward edge of an arc in the midnight secto

Factors Affecting Water Permeability of Aleurone Layer in Soybean Seeds

The effect of the immersion condition of soybean seeds on the water permeability in aleurone layer was investigated to clarify the water permeability at the initial stage of water sorption. The amounts of water absorbed in seeds coated with only aleurone layer (embryos uncovered with seed coat) and untreated seeds (embryos covered with seed coat and aleurone layer; intact seeds) were compared under several conditions of temperature, pH, ion species, and salt concentration. The relative weight in both types of seeds increased with the rise of soaking temperature, but it decreased after 180min at 50℃. Whereas both water uptakes were inclined to be little affected by soaking pH, the remarkable increase in the water uptake of seeds coated with only aleurone layer was observed only by soaking in sodium acetate buffer (pH 4.0). Although a lower concentration of KCl (0.01M) stimulated both water uptakes compared with water, a higher concentration of KCl (0.1M and 0.2M) depressed inversely them. The rates of water uptake in both types of seeds changed depending upon ionic strength rather than ion species. From these results, it was found that the state of water sorption in soybean seeds having the aleurone layer scarcely changed even if the seed coat was removed. It is suggested that the water permeability of soybean seeds is mainly due to the characteristics of aleurone layer