The Effect of Reverse Strain on Microstructure and Strengthening of Copper Fabricated by Severe Plastic Deformation of Torsion Process

The unidirectional single torsion process of commercially pure copper was followed by different number of reverse turns of torsion deformation. The effect of reverse strain on the material refinement and hardening was investigated. It is found that the grain refinement is significantly blocked in the reverse torsion strain in comparison with that only suffered in monotonic torsion strain. The strengthening slightly decreases with the torsional direction change. This phenomenon is interpreted in terms of the average dislocation density. A qualitative assumption is proposed to explain the retarded phenomenon of material refinement and hardening in the reverse torsion process. The reverse strain maybe improves the uniformity and stress-strain equilibrium of severe plastic deformation induced material.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.24.3.18414</p

Real-time energy optimization of HEVs under-connected environment: a benchmark problem and receding horizon-based solution

[EN] In this paper, we propose a benchmark problem for the challengers aiming to energy efficiency control of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) on a road with slope. Moreover, it is assumed that the targeted HEVs are in the connected environment with the obtainment of real-time information of vehicle-to-everything (V2X), including geographic information, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) information and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) information. The provided simulator consists of an industrial-level HEV model and a traffic scenario database obtained through a commercial traffic simulator, where the running route is generated based on real-world data with slope and intersection position. The benchmark problem to be solved is the HEVs powertrain control using traffic information to fulfill fuel economy improvement while satisfying the constraints of driving safety and travel time. To show the HEV powertrain characteristics, a case study is given with the speed planning and energy management strategy.Xu, F.; Tsunogawa, H.; Kako, J.; Hu, X.; Eben Li, S.; Shen, T.; Eriksson, L.... (2022). Real-time energy optimization of HEVs under-connected environment: a benchmark problem and receding horizon-based solution. Control Theory and Technology. 20:145-160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11768-022-00086-y14516020Zhou, Q., Zhao, D., Shuai, B., Li, Y., Williams, H., & Xu, H. (2021). Knowledge implementation and transfer with an adaptive learning network for real-time power management of the plug-in hybrid vehicle. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 32(12), 5298–5308. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2021.3093429Xu, F., & Shen, T. (2021). Decentralized optimal merging control with optimization of energy consumption for connected hybrid electric vehicles. 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IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 20(3), 817–825.Rezaei, A., Burl, J. B., Solouk, A., Zhou, B., et al. (2017). Catch energy saving opportunity (CESO), an instantaneous optimal energy management strategy for series hybrid electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 208, 655–665.Xie, S., Hu, X., Qi, S., & Lang, K. (2018). An artificial neural network-enhanced energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Energy, 163, 837–848.Zhang, J., & Shen, T. (2016). Real-time fuel economy optimization with nonlinear MPC for PHEVs. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 24(6), 2167–2175.Sciarretta, A., Serrao, L., Dewangan, P. C., et al. (2014). A control benchmark on the energy management of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle. Control Engineering Practice, 29, 287–298.Lars, E. (2019). An overview of various control benchmarks with a focus on automotive control. Control Theory and Technology, 17(2), 121–130.Moura, S. J., Fathy, H. K., Callaway, D. S., & Stein, J. L. (2010). A stochastic optimal control approach for power management in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 19(3), 545–555.Sun, C., Hu, X., Moura, S. J., & Sun, F. (2014). Velocity predictors for predictive energy management in hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, 23(3), 1197–1204.Xiang, C., Ding, F., Wang, W., & He, W. (2017). Energy management of a dual-mode power-split hybrid electric vehicle based on velocity prediction and nonlinear model predictive control. Applied Energy, 189, 640–653.Sun, C., Sun, F., & He, H. (2017). Investigating adaptive-ECMS with velocity forecast ability for hybrid electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 185, 1644–1653.Zhang, F., Hu, X., Langari, R., & Cao, D. (2019). Energy management strategies of connected HEVs and PHEVs: Recent progress and outlook. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 73, 235–256.Yang, C., Zha, M., Wang, W., Liu, K., & Xiang, C. (2020). Efficient energy management strategy for hybrid electric vehicles/plug-in hybrid electric vehicles: Review and recent advances under intelligent transportation system. IET Intelligent Transport Systems, 14(7), 702–711. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-its.2019.0606Zhang, J., Xu, F., Zhang, Y., & Shen, T. (2019). ELM-based driver torque demand prediction and real-time optimal energy management strategy for HEVs. Neural Computing and Applications, 32: 14411C14429.Zhang, B., Zhang, J., Xu, F., & Shen, T. (2020). Optimal control of power-split hybrid electric powertrains with minimization of energy consumption. Applied Energy, 266, 114873.Zhang, F., Xi, J., & Langari, R. (2016). Real-time energy management strategy based on velocity forecasts using V2V and V2I communications. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 18(2), 416–430.Li, J., Zhou, Q., He, Y., et al. (2019). Dual-loop online intelligent programming for driver-oriented predict energy management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 253, 113617.Qi, X., Wu, G., Hao, P., Boriboonsomsin, K., & Barth, M. J. (2017). Integrated-connected eco-driving system for PHEVs with co-optimization of vehicle dynamics and powertrain operations. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2(1), 2–13.Uebel, S., Murgovski, N., B$$\ddot{\rm a}$$ker, B., & Sj$$\ddot{\rm o}$$berg, J. (2019). A two-level mpc for energy management including velocity control of hybrid electric vehicles. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 68(6): 5494–5505.Chen, B., Evangelou, S. A., & Lot, R. (2019). Hybrid electric vehicle two-step fuel efficiency optimization with decoupled energy management and speed control. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 68(12), 11492–11504.Wang, S., & Lin, X. (2020). Eco-driving control of connected and automated hybrid vehicles in mixed driving scenarios. 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Dissimilar laser welding of a NiTi shape memory alloy to Ti2AlNb

Funding Information: Acknowledgments: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51775091), Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province (No. 2020ZDZX0015). J.P. Oliveira acknowledges Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT—MCTES) for its financial support via the project UID/00667/2020 (UNIDEMI). Funding Information: Funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51775091), Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province (No. 2020ZDZX0015). J.P. Oliveira acknowledges Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT—MCTES) for its financial support via the project UID/00667/2020 (UNIDEMI). Funding Information: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51775091), Science and Technology Project of Sichuan Province (No. 2020ZDZX0015). J.P. Oliveira acknowledges Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT?MCTES) for its financial support via the project UID/00667/2020 (UNIDEMI).NiTi-based shape memory alloys and the Ti2AlNb alloy have gained increasing importance in the aerospace field. The joining of these two materials can further increment the importance and usage of these relevant engineering materials and expand their potential applications. However, when joining NiTi-based shape memory alloys to Ti-based alloys, the formation of brittle Ti-rich intermetallic compounds often occurs, significantly limiting their functionality and use. Dissimilar joints between a NiTi shape memory alloy and Ti2AlNb alloy were obtained using a 0.1 mm thick Niobium (Nb) interlayer via laser welding. By process optimization, sound joints were obtained. The microstructure evolution was assessed by means of electron microscopy, whereas the mechanical strength of the joints was evaluated using lap shear tensile testing. The best performing joints were seen to fracture at maximum loads above 1230 N, thus allowing us to consider this dissimilar pair for structural applications.publishersversionpublishe

Some Operations on Quaternion Numbers

In this article, we give some equality and basic theorems about quaternion numbers, and some special operations.Li Bo - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaLiang Xiquan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaWang Pan - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaZhuang Yanping - Qingdao University of Science and Technology, ChinaGrzegorz Bancerek. The ordinal numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):91-96, 1990.Czesław Byliński. The complex numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):507-513, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):55-65, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Functions from a set to a set. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):153-164, 1990.Czesław Byliński. Some basic properties of sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):47-53, 1990.Fuguo Ge. Inner products, group, ring of quaternion numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 16(2):135-139, 2008, doi:10.2478/v10037-008-0019-x.Krzysztof Hryniewiecki. Basic properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):35-40, 1990.Xiquan Liang and Fuguo Ge. The quaternion numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 14(4):161-169, 2006, doi:10.2478/v10037-006-0020-1.Andrzej Trybulec. Enumerated sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):25-34, 1990.Andrzej Trybulec and Czesław Byliński. Some properties of real numbers. Formalized Mathematics, 1(3):445-449, 1990.Zinaida Trybulec. Properties of subsets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):67-71, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations and their basic properties. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):73-83, 1990.Edmund Woronowicz. Relations defined on sets. Formalized Mathematics, 1(1):181-186, 1990

Ultra-Wideband Dual-Polarized Patch Antenna With Four Capacitively Coupled Feeds

A novel dual-polarized patch antenna for ultra-wideband(UWB) applications is presented. The antenna consists of asquare patch and four capacitively coupled feeds to enhance theimpedance bandwidth. Each feed is formed by a vertical isoscelestrapezoidal patch and a horizontal isosceles triangular patch. Thefour feeds are connected to the microstrip lines that are printedon the bottom layer of the grounded FR4 substrate. Two taperedbaluns are utilized to excite the antenna to achieve high isolationbetween the ports and reduce the cross-polarization levels. In orderto increase the antenna gain and reduce the backward radiation,a compact surface mounted cavity is integrated with the antenna.The antenna prototype has achieved an impedance bandwidth of112% at (|S11 | ≤ -10 dB) whereas the coupling between thetwo ports is below -28 dB across the operating frequency range.The measured antenna gain varies from 3.91 to 10.2 dBi for port 1and from 3.38 to 9.21 dBi for port 2, with a 3-dB gain bandwidthof 107%

Microstructure-based Simulation of Plastic Deformation Behavior of SiC Particle Reinforced Al Matrix Composites

AbstractThis article, in order to unearth the deformation mechanism of particle reinforced metal matrix composites, establishes a finite element model (FEM) based on the actual microstructures. It finds out and analyzes the distribution of von Mises effective stress, strain and the maximum principal stress in the matrix and particles. Moreover, the overall stress and strain in the matrix and composites are calculated. By comparison, a tiny discrepancy exists between the experimental results and the simulation with respect to flow stresses. The effects of deformation parameters, such as temperature and strain rate, on the strengthening mechanism are explored and proved to be weak

Constitutive Model Prediction and Flow Behavior Considering Strain Response in the Thermal Processing for the TA15 Titanium Alloy

To investigate the flow stress, microstructure, and usability of TA15 titanium alloy, isothermal compression was tested at 1073–1223 K and strain rates of 10, 1, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 s−1, and strain of 0.9. The impact of strain and temperature on thermal deformation was investigated through the exponent-type Zener–Hollomon equation. Based on the influence of various material constants (including α, n, Q, and lnA) on the TA15 titanium alloy, the strain effect was included in the constitutive equation considering strain compensation, which is presented in this paper. The validity of the proposed constitutive equation was verified through the correlation coefficient (R) and the average absolute relative error (AARE), the values of which were 0.9929% and 6.85%, respectively. Research results demonstrated that the strain-based constitutive equation realizes consistency between the calculated flow stress and the measured stress of TA15 titanium alloy at high temperatures