Colonialism, Justice and the Rule of Law: A Southern African and Australian Narrative

Colonialism has had a huge impact upon the legal systems of countries around the world. The historical impact of the British Empire can still be felt today in countries as diverse as Australia and South Africa. This effect is explored in both these countries, both in its historical form of racial discrimination, as well as the modern consequences of this colonial past. This article analyses how formal conceptions of the Rule of Law and legal certainty can undermine efforts to achieve justice for past historical wrongs. Examples of this are found in the Aboriginal land rights litigation in Australia, as well as litigation under the Alien Tort Statute in the United States of America

Atmospheric turbulence simulation techniques with application to flight analysis

Statistical modeling of atmospheric turbulence is discussed. The statistical properties of atmospheric turbulence, in particular the probability distribution, the spectra, and the coherence are reviewed. Different atmospheric turbulence simulation models are investigated, and appropriate statistical analyses are carried out to verify their validity. The models for simulation are incorporated into a computer model of aircraft flight dynamics. Statistical results of computer simulated landings for an aircraft having characteristics of a DC-8 are reported for the different turbulence simulation techniques. The significance of various degrees of sophistication in the turbulence simulation techniques on the landing performance of the aircraft is discussed

Effects of fog droplets on wake vortex decay rate

A simple model for the motion of particles in a laminar line vortex is discussed. The energy required to accelerate a set of these particles was determined and shown to be only a small fraction of the energy content of the vortex flow. It is shown that this energy transfer is unlikely to be sufficient to significantly modify the vortex decay rate. It is further argued that the effect of the particle on the viscous properties of the resulting two phase fluid leads to a slower decay rate than in single phase air flow. However, this conclusion may not necessarily follow for turbulence flows. Results show that the migration of particles to the outer flow results in a redistribution of the velocity profile in the vortex and in a non-uniform two phase viscosity across the core. It is suggested that these effects may accelerate vortex bursting

Ferroelectric Materials for Solar Energy Conversion: Photoferroics Revisited

The application of ferroelectric materials (i.e. solids that exhibit spontaneous electric polarisation) in solar cells has a long and controversial history. This includes the first observations of the anomalous photovoltaic effect (APE) and the bulk photovoltaic effect (BPE). The recent successful application of inorganic and hybrid perovskite structured materials (e.g. BiFeO3, CsSnI3, CH3NH3PbI3) in solar cells emphasises that polar semiconductors can be used in conventional photovoltaic architectures. We review developments in this field, with a particular emphasis on the materials known to display the APE/BPE (e.g. ZnS, CdTe, SbSI), and the theoretical explanation. Critical analysis is complemented with first-principles calculation of the underlying electronic structure. In addition to discussing the implications of a ferroelectric absorber layer, and the solid state theory of polarisation (Berry phase analysis), design principles and opportunities for high-efficiency ferroelectric photovoltaics are presented

Wind shear modeling for aircraft hazard definition

Mathematical models of wind profiles were developed for use in fast time and manned flight simulation studies aimed at defining and eliminating these wind shear hazards. A set of wind profiles and associated wind shear characteristics for stable and neutral boundary layers, thunderstorms, and frontal winds potentially encounterable by aircraft in the terminal area are given. Engineering models of wind shear for direct hazard analysis are presented in mathematical formulae, graphs, tables, and computer lookup routines. The wind profile data utilized to establish the models are described as to location, how obtained, time of observation and number of data points up to 500 m. Recommendations, engineering interpretations and guidelines for use of the data are given and the range of applicability of the wind shear models is described

Laboratory studies of silicon vapor deposition, phase A

A system is described capable of carrying out silicon vapor deposition experiments in the low 10 to the minus 10th power torr vacuum range. The system was assembled and tested for use in a program aimed at exploration of vacuum heteroepitaxy of silicon on several substrates of potential interest for photovoltaic applications. An experiment is described in which a silicon layer 2.5 microns thick was deposited on a pyrolytically cleaned tungsten substrate held at a temperature of 400 C. Using a resistance heated silicon source, thicker layers can be deposited in periods of hours by utilizing closer source to substrate distances

Spectral evolution of multiply-impulsive solar bursts

Hard X-ray and microwave observations of multiply-impulsive solar bursts, identified in the OSO-5 data were analyzed. Spectra in both frequency ranges were used to determine whether or not the source properties change from peak to peak within individual bursts. Two categories of microwave spectral behavior were identified: those events during which the microwave turnover frequency and spectral shape remain the same from peak to peak, and those during which the turnover frequency and spectral shape change significantly. These categories correspond to two classes of multiply-impulsive bursts: those for which the emission can be characterized by a constant magnetic field and therefore a single source region, in which case the multiplicity may be due to modulation of the emission process; and those in which groups of component spikes appear to originate in regions of different magnetic-field strengths, corresponding to separate source regions which flare sequentially. Examples of the latter type of events are presented. The discrete flaring regions are analyzed and their spatial separations estimated

Remote soil moisture measurements

The degree of polarization of visible sunlight reflected from bare soils in agricultural test areas in the southwestern United States was measured by an airborne photopolarimeter. Surface soil specimens provided data concerning the surface moisture of the soil to which the polarization data were compared. The results indicate the feasibility of measuring soil surface moisture by airborne polarimeter instrumentation

Techniques and Examples for Zero-g Melting and Solidification Processes

Many new processes which can exploit the weightless environment of space have been suggested as possibilities for making improved or unique materials. A large number of these will involve, at some stage, a containerless melt or transfer of molten material Some of the physics and technology problems associated with these processes are discussed. The range of applicability of some new electromagnetic process control methods is also presented