The upper Red River Formation (Ordovician) in western North Dakota

The upper Red River Formation in Western North Dakota consists of cyclic sedimentary rocks having four main porosity zones which contain most of the oil and gas found in the formation. It was divided into three distinct units that were traced throughout western North Dakota on mechanical logs. In ascending order these are the P, R, and F intervals which consist of alternating sequences of dolomites, limestones, and anhydrites. Facies changes, occur within the P interval both on a regional and a local scale, typically from dense limestones to porous dolomites. The Kesson anticline and the basin hinge JJ.ne 1-1ere the most active structural area affecting the deposition of upper Red River sediments. A knob or high relief on the anticline had a localized effect on sedimentation. Rapid thinning in all intervals of the Red River near the central part of the state indicate the effect of II the hinge line. Other structural features defined on isopachous maps include the Mercer High, Divide Low, Ward High, and Billings Nose. X-ray and microscopic analysis of selected samples of cores from the upper Red River Formation indicate that the main porosity zones consist primarily of secondary dolomite. Oil accumulations in the Red River Formation are primarily in structural traps, but local changes in lithology and grain size

Description and Genesis of selected Glacial Deposits, Walsh County, North Dakota

Glacial deposits and features in central Walsh County, North Dakota were investigated during the summer of 1965 to determine both their origin and their relationship to the history of glacial Lake Agassiz. The deposits included till and lake sediments exposed in cuts along the Park River, while the features included two end moraines and an esker. The field study consisted of mapping the deposits, studying their morphology and composition, constructing cross-sections, and collecting selected samples. Laboratory studies of these samples included particle size analyses, feldspar staining, magnetic separation, and mineralogical analyses by X-ray diffraction. The glacial feature located on the Grand Forks-Walsh County border is a steep-sided, branching, sinuous ridge. It is 4½ miles long, averages 250 feet in width and it varies in height from 15 feet in the northwest to 75 feet in the east. It is concluded to be a combination esker and an interblock or crevasse filling on the basis of: (1) the sinuous and reticulate form, (2) the composition, which is chiefly gravel and stratified drift, and (3) the size and shape of the feature. The stream that deposited the esker apparently flowed to the southwest and was diverted to the northwest when its path was probably blocked by sediment or blocks of ice. Evidence for this is: (1) a gradual decrease in height from east to northwest, (2) a gradual decrease in particle size in the same direction, and (3) the truncation of one ridge by another. The end moraines located immediately north of the esker are only slightly younger than the esker, and represent brief stands of the glacier prior to the formation of the Edinburg moraine, which lies about 4 miles to the northeast. The southernmost moraine is a small branching, northwestwardly trending ridge which is 6½ miles long and averages 15 feet in height, and 250 feet in width. The northernmost moraine, parallel to the one south of it, is a broad, low, ridge, 6½ miles long, averaging 800 feet in width and 25 feet in height. Both moraines have abundant boulders scattered on their surface and are quite variable in composition; they are composed largely of till and fine to medium sands. Sediments at the Park River site, on the western margin of the Edinburg moraine, indicate that this area was once covered by a proglacial lake. Distorted till and lake sediments indicate subsequent modification by solifluction and frost action. Homme Reservoir sediments one mile east of the Edinburg moraine, reveal evidence of deposition in close association with ice. Furthermore, it is concluded that the processes of glacial, fluviatile, and lacustrine deposition were all occurring at essentially the same time at this site, adding to the complexity of the geologic history. Additional investigations should support the conclusion that these features were deposited approximately 11,740 years ago, the age of the Upper Herman beach

Social marketing and healthy eating : Findings from young people in Greece

This document is the Accepted Manuscript version. The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12208-013-0112-xGreece has high rates of obesity and non-communicable diseases owing to poor dietary choices. This research provides lessons for social marketing to tackle the severe nutrition-related problems in this country by obtaining insight into the eating behaviour of young adults aged 18–23. Also, the main behavioural theories used to inform the research are critically discussed. The research was conducted in Athens. Nine focus groups with young adults from eight educational institutions were conducted and fifty-nine participants’ views towards eating habits, healthy eating and the factors that affect their food choices were explored. The study found that the participants adopted unhealthier nutritional habits after enrolment. Motivations for healthy eating were good health, appearance and psychological consequences, while barriers included lack of time, fast-food availability and taste, peer pressure, lack of knowledge and lack of family support. Participants reported lack of supportive environments when deciding on food choices. Based on the findings, recommendations about the development of the basic 4Ps of the marketing mix, as well as of a fifth P, for Policy are proposedPeer reviewe

Changes in body mass index by age, gender, and socio-economic status among a cohort of Norwegian men and women (1990–2001)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Consistent with global trends, the prevalence of obesity is increasing among Norwegian adults. This study aimed to investigate individual trends in BMI (kg/m²) by age, gender, and socio-economic status over an 11-year period.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cohort of 1169 adults (n = 581 men; n = 588 women) self-reported BMI during a general health interview twice administered in two regions in Norway.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Average BMI increased significantly from 23.7 (SD = 3.4) to 25.4 (SD = 3.8), with equivalent increases for both genders. Proportion of obesity (BMI ≥ 30) increased from 4% to 11% for women and 5% to 13% for men. Of those already classified as overweight or obese in 1990, 68% had gained additional weight 10 years later, by an average increase of 2.6 BMI units. The greatest amount of weight gain occurred for the youngest adults (aged 20–29 years). Age-adjusted general linear models revealed that in 1990, women with a lower level of education had a significantly greater BMI than more educated women. In both 1990 and 2001, rural men with the highest level of household income had a greater BMI than rural men earning less income. Weight gain occurred across all education and income brackets, with no differential associations between SES strata and changes in BMI for either gender or region.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Results demonstrated significant yet gender-equivalent increases in BMI over an 11-year period within this cohort of Norwegian adults. Whereas socio-economic status exerted minimal influence on changes in BMI over time, young adulthood appeared to be a critical time period at which accelerated weight gain occurred.</p

The impact of corporate volunteering on CSR image: a consumer perspective

Received: 29 June 2013 / Accepted: 15 January 2014Abstract Corporate volunteering (CV) is known to be an effective employee engagement initiative. However, despite the prominence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in academia and practice, research is yet to investigate whether and how CV may influence consumer perceptions of CSR image and subsequent consumer behaviour. Data collected using an online survey in Australia show perceived familiarity with a company’s CV programme to positively impact CSR image and firm image, partially mediated by others-centred attributions. CSR image, in turn, strengthens affective and cognitive loyalty as well as word-of-mouth. Further analysis reveals the moderating effect of perceived leveraging of the corporate volunteering programme, customer status and the value individuals place on CSR. The paper concludes with theoretical and managerial implications, as well as an agenda for future research.Carolin Plewa, Jodie Conduit, Pascale G. Quester, Claire Johnso

Adolescents' proxy reports of parents' socioeconomic status: How valid are they?

STUDY OBJECTIVE—Children's proxy reports on indicators of their parents' socioeconomic status (SES) have either been used uncritically or dismissed as invalid. This paper examines the validity of young adolescents' reports of parental SES by comparing adolescent reports with parents' own reports of SES.
DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS—In 1990, 924 13 year olds, along with 648 of their fathers and 735 of their mothers, participated in the baseline survey of The Norwegian Longitudinal Health Behaviour Study. Data on parental occupation were collected from both adolescents and parents at baseline, while data on parental education were collected at follow up from the adolescents at age 15 and from their parents when the adolescents were 19 years old.
MAIN RESULTS—Three different ways of grouping the SES categories based on occupational data were investigated, and the strength of agreement was good for all three groups, with κ statistics ranging from 0.65 to 0.86. There were no significant improvements of agreement when comparing adolescent data from age 15 to adolescent data from age 13. The strength of agreements between the adolescents' and parents' reports of parental education were fair; κ statistics were 0.30 and 0.38 for fathers' and mothers' education, respectively. The proportions of unclassified answers or no responses from the adolescents were similar for questions on occupation and education, and ranged from 11% to 16%.
CONCLUSIONS—The agreement between adolescents' and parents' reports of SES based on occupation was judged to be good, but adding a few specific questions may cue the adolescent to provide more detailed information, thereby reducing the numbers of unclassified answers or non-responders.


Keywords: proxy; socioeconomic status; adolescent