Peritoneal Cryptococcosis in a Dog

Background: Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic, systemic mycotic disease caused by a yeast of Cryptococcus neoformans. These pathogens cause serious public health problems, as they can be transmitted to humans, domestic and wild animals. In cats and dogs, the main site of infection is the upper lower respiratory tract, however, the infection can extend and affect other sites in the organism, however, the peritoneal manifestation of the disease is rare. Thus, the present work aims to report a case of cryptococcosis in a canine, mixed breed, female, adult, from the Metropolitan Region of Belém.Case: A mixed breed dog, female, adult was admitted in a veterinary hospital at Belém, presenting abdominal discomfort and, after the clinical examination, emergency exploratory laparotomy was indicated, and it were observed disseminated lesions in the abdominal cavity, with multiple nodules attached to the peritoneum and intestinal serosa and bladder, uterus, among other organs. Fragments from the surgical biopsy were fixed, and processed routinely according to the techniques for histological tissue processing. Histological examination revealed a predominance of granulomatous lesions in peritoneum and mesentery organs. It was observed a discrete inflammatory reaction of macrophages, epithelioid cells and giant cells, many in phagocytosis of spherical or ovoid organisms, with a thick capsule and a clear perinuclear halo. In the PAS staining, the Cryptococcus conidia presented eosinophilic characteristics and some of them had the capsule well demarcated, which was shown to be radiated. Also it was possible to see the budding yeast and in the Grocott stain, the Cryptococcus stained in black.Discussion: Cryptococcosis with peritoneal involvement in animals is rarely reported in the literature. Cryptococcus is an agent that presents tropism by the central nervous system and nasal cavity, however atypical presentations have been reported, especially at the level of the abdominal cavity (intestines and mesentery). It is believed that the gastrointestinal tract is the gateway for ascending contamination, or that the contamination can occur by fungal ingestion. The lesions presented a multiple distribution, with isolated and coalescent nodules adhered to the peritoneum and adjacent structures. The literature reports two cases of dogs with intra-abdominal cryptococcosis, in which, macroscopically, granulomatous formations were observed in the jejunum, with lymph nodes and mesentery. Microscopically, a discrete inflammatory infiltrate of macrophages and lymphocytes were observed. Some areas with granulomatous reaction, lymphocytes, epithelioid macrophages and giant cells and, in other areas, yeasts in the cytoplasm were observed. The yeasts were spherical or ovoid, surrounded by a thick capsule of polysaccharide. The periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and silver impregnation (Grocott) staining were used to highlight structures of the Cryptococcus wall which were presented by a strong stained polysaccharide capsule. It must be emphasized the zoonotic potential of cryptococcosis, a disease that can affect both animals and humans. Cryptococcosis in humans normally occurs when the fungus accesses the airways through inhalation and ranges from asymptomatic pulmonary colonization to compromised meninges, causing the human patient's life-threatening condition. In the present report, the diagnosis of cryptococcosis was established through histopathological and histochemical examination of the fungal structure, which were determinant in the etiological diagnosis of cryptococcosis

Development of microparticles and microparticulated tablets containing piperine

Piper nigrum (black pepper) is used in Indian traditional medicine and its main alkaloid, Piperine (PIP), presents antioxidant, antitumor and neuroprotective pharmacological properties. This substance is insoluble in aqueous media and can irritate the gastrointestinal tract. Aiming to avoid these inconvenient characteristics and enable PIP oral administration, this study suggested the PIP microencapsulation through the emulsion-solvent evaporation method and the preparation of microparticulated tablets by direct compression. An UV-spectroscopy method was validated to quantify PIP. Microparticles and microparticulated tablets were successfully obtained and the microparticles exhibited excellent flow. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that PIP microparticles were intact after compression. The in vitro release showed a controlled release of PIP from microparticles and PIP microparticles from tablets in comparison to PIP and PIP tablets. The release profiles of PIP microparticles and the microparticulated tablets were similar. Therefore, tablets containing PIP microparticles are promising multiparticulated dosage forms because a tablet allows microparticles administration and the intact ones promote a controlled release, decreasing its irritating potential on the mucosa

O olhar da Enfermagem diante do Processo de Morte e Morrer de pacientes críticos: Uma Revisão Integrativa

Face death fear of dealing with death every moment has become essential burden for workers in the health field, in particular to professional nursing, which in turn is who provides the comprehensive care to the patient and family, and that it must deal with suffering, and the fears that may exist at different moments involving the care. Therefore, it is necessary to further the nursing professional view on the subject, so that it can see beyond the context of the circumstances and understand the processes of death and dying, so that their cooperation is quality. From this, the present study aims: To analyze the national scientific literature on the experience of the nursing team before the death of critically ill patients. We used the integrative review of literature method. We analyzed 14 articles that met the guiding research question and from the approach of these studies were listed two categories: 1-The process of death and dying: praxis and meaning; 2-The qualification of nurses in the process of training on the theme death and dying. The study identified that there is a deficiency in learning professionals to the process of death and dying, causing suffering of the nursing team, influencing the quality of care provided to patients and their families. In this sense become relevant research on this subject for the expansion of knowledge and deconstruction of existing paradigms.Encarar la muerte y el miedo a enfrentarse a ella a cada instante se ha convertido en esencial para los trabajadores del área de la salud, en especial para el profesional de enfermería, que a su vez es quien presta los cuidados integrales al paciente y a la familia, ya que este debe luchar con el sufrimiento y con los miedos que pueden existir en los diversos momentos que acompañan el cuidar. Por tanto, es necesario profundizar em la visión del profesional de enfermería sobre el tema, de modo que pueda ver más allá de las circunstancias del contexto, y conocer los procesos de la muerte y del morir, para que su asistencia sea de calidad. Partiendo de esto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo: Analizar la producción científica nacional sobre la experiencia del equipo de enfermería ante la muerte de los pacientes críticos. Se empleó el método de revisión integral de la literatura. Se analizaron 14 artículos que cumplían la pregunta principal de la investigación y a partir del enfoque de estos estudios, fueron listadas dos categorías: 1-El proceso de muerte y morir: praxis y significados; 2- La cualificación del enfermero en su proceso de formación ante la temática muerte y el morir. El estudio identificó que existe una deficiencia en el aprendizaje de los profesionales para el proceso de la muerte y el morir, causando sufrimiento del equipo de enfermería, lo que influye en la calidad de la atención prestada a los pacientes y a sus familias. En este sentido, es importante realizar investigaciones acerca de esta temática para la ampliación del conocimiento y (re)deconstrucción de los paradigmas existentes.Encarar a morte o medo de lidar com a morte a todo instante tornou-se encargo essencial para os trabalhadores da área da saúde, em especial ao profissional da enfermagem, que por sua vez é quem presta os cuidados integrais ao paciente e a família, sendo que este deve lidar com o sofrimento, e com os receios que podem existir nos diversos momentos que envolvem o cuidar. Portanto, é necessário aprofundar a visão do profissional da enfermagem sobre o assunto, de modo que, o mesmo possa perceber para além das circunstâncias do contexto, e conhecer os processos da morte e do morrer, para que sua assistência seja de qualidade. A partir disso, o presente estudo tem como objetivo: Analisar a produção científica nacional sobre a experiência da equipe de enfermagem diante da morte de pacientes críticos. Foi empregado o método de revisão integrativa da literatura. Foram analisados 14 artigos que atenderam a questão norteadora da pesquisa e a partir da abordagem destes estudos, foram elencadas duas categorias: 1-O processo de morte e morrer: práxis e significados; 2-A qualificação do enfermeiro em seu processo de formação diante da temática morte e o morrer. O estudo possibilitou identificar que há uma deficiência no aprendizado dos profissionais perante o processo de morte e morrer, causando sofrimento da equipe de enfermagem, influenciando na qualidade da assistência prestada ao paciente e sua família. Neste sentido tornam-se relevantes pesquisas acerca desta temática para a ampliação do conhecimento e (re)desconstrução de paradigmas existentes

Hepatic and Renal Lesions in Free Ranging Black Caimans (Melanosuchus niger) in the Brazilian Amazon for Human Consumption

Background: The black caiman (Melanosuchus niger), belongs to the order Crocodylia, family Alligatoridae. More than a hundred species of helminths, mainly trematodes and nematodes, parasitize crocodilians around the world and a considerable number of species of ascaris have been described in crocodilians. There are few descriptions of hepatic and renal diseases affecting M. niger, and no articles related to the histopathological aspects of this species were found. The aim of this study was to evaluate gross and microscopically the liver and kidneys of 100 specimens of Melanosuchus niger slaughtered in Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, from natural populations.Materials, Methods & Results: The capture of the alligators was performed during the night, by members of the community itself in the channels and lagoons of the Reserve's lowland ecosystem. For the capture procedures, ties and harpoons were used and the animals were identified through the red glow of the eyes using the spot light lanterns. After being conducted to the slaughter area, the animals were submitted to the previous biometry to select which animals were appropriated   for slaughter, they should measure between 2.10 m and 2.80 m. A total of 88 livers and 95 kidneys of M. niger of natural populations were analysed gross and microscopically, independently of gross lesions. The fragments collected for histopathological examination were approximately 0.5 cm thick and they were packed in appropriated identified containers with formalin 10% solution. The collection procedures were accompanied by field records for data recording. After fixation of the collected material, it were processes by habitual techniques for paraffin inclusion and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Grossly, none of the livers examined presented alterations and two kidneys presented parasitism. The hepatic microscopic analysis  indicates in 3/88 cases, multiple foci of necrosis. In 7/88 cases, it was observed in the hepatic parenchyma, granulomas, mainly with epithelioid cells. In the histopathological examination of the kidney, the only alteration observe in 8/95 cases was the presence of granulomas.Discussion: The occurrence of Sebekia oxycephala nymphs, a pentastomid, in the liver of Alligator mississippiensis was reported in other researches. The parasite Sebekia mississippiensis was observed in liver and lungs of A. mississippiensis.  similar alterations were also noticed in this research. The coccidiosis related to hepatic manifestations in crocodilians is related to the parasite that may belong to the genus Goussia. In the liver, under the oocysts form leads to a diffuse hydropic degeneration  of hepatocytes. In this study it was also observed the hydronic degeneration, however, associated to the necrosis areas that had in the periphery epithelioid cells infiltrated, without parasitic participation. Two renal trematodes are known in crocodilians, Deurithrema gingae and Renivermis crocodyli both in Crocodylus porosus. Also it was found in the renal parenchyma few encapsulated and well delimited parasites by a severe tissue reaction. Based on the gross and microscopic found, it is concluded that liver and kidney, although multiple organ functions, were not prone to infections, with granulomas being the main manifestation, and the etiopathogenesis of the areas of hepatic necrosis could not be defined

Probiotic and antifungal attributes of lactic acid bacteria isolates from naturally fermented Brazilian table olives

Research with fermented olives as a source of wild Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) strains with probiotic and biotechnological characteristics constitutes a promising field of work. The present study evaluated in vitro probiotic, antifungal, and antimycotoxigenic potential of LAB isolates from naturally fermented Brazilian table olives. Among fourteen LAB isolates, the Levilactobacillus brevis CCMA 1762, Lactiplantibacillus pentosus CCMA 1768, and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei CCMA 1770 showed potential probiotic and antifungal properties. The isolates showed resistance to pH 2.0 (survival ≥ 84.55), bile salts (survival ≥ 99.44), and gastrointestinal tract conditions (survival ≥ 57.84%); hydrophobic cell surface (≥27%); auto-aggregation (≥81.38%); coaggregation with Escherichia coli INCQS 00181 (≥33.97%) and Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 564 (≥53.84%); adhesion to the epithelial cell line Caco-2 (≥5.04%); antimicrobial activity against the bacteria S. Enteritidis ATCC 564 (≥6 mm), Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19117 (≥6 mm), Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 8702 (≥3 mm), and the fungi Penicillium nordicum MUM 08.16 (inhibition ≥ 64.8%). In addition, the strains showed the ability to adsorb the mycotoxins aflatoxin B1 (≥40%) and ochratoxin A (≥34%). These results indicate that LAB strains from naturally fermented Brazilian table olives are potentially probiotic and antifungal candidates that can be used for food biopreservation.This research was funded by the Brazilian agencies Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Brasil (CNPq) [423095/2016-1; 309561/2019-1], Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) [CAG-APQ-03478-16], Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) [PNPD20131289], Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) [UIDB/04469/2020], LABBELS—Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology, Bioengineering and Microelectromechnaical Systems [LA/P/0029/2020]. Luís Abrunhosa acknowledges FCT for the assistant research contract CEECIND/00728/2017.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

VIOLÊNCIA DOMÉSTICA E OS MAUS TRATOS AOS ANIMAIS

Introdução: Nas últimas décadas, surge o conceito de família multiespécie, que significa incluir um animal de estimação na família, tornando-o membro dela. Diante disso, este animal passa a estar submetido à configuração da família que o adotou. Dentre as várias particularidades que compõem o ambiente familiar, sabe-se da violência doméstica, que na pandemia obteve um aumento de incidências. Este tipo de violência, pode afetar o animal de estimação, e até fazer dele um alvo para que se violente o cônjuge de alguma maneira. Objetivo: Verificar a relação entre os maus tratos aos animais e a violência doméstica, e também o papel do médico veterinário neste contexto. Metodologia: Foi realizada uma revisão literária exploratória nas bases de dados Scielo e Lilacs, com as palavras chave: “Violência doméstica”, “Maus tratos animais” e leituras que contemplam os temas de tipos de violência, direitos humanos e bem-estar animal. Considerações: A violência doméstica é entendida como aquela que causa algum tipo de dano a qualquer membro da família. Nesta pandemia provocada pela COVID-19, houve um aumento de casos com violência doméstica, incluindo os maus tratos aos animais. Observa-se também, que em alguns casos, o animal pode ser maltratado com o objetivo de atingir algum membro da família – o tutor dele. Neste ponto, entra o trabalho do médico veterinário, que pode constatar a violência desferida contra o animal e até investigar como é a organização no lar que ele reside. Por fim, o papel do médico veterinário nestes casos de maus tratos aos animais, é de investigação e denúncia, para que os agressores sejam penalizados, o que poderá impactar positivamente na redução da violência doméstica

Manejo comportamental em pacientes com Diabetes tipo II

O termo diabetes mellitus descreve doenças do metabolismo anormal de carboidratos que são caracterizadas por hiperglicemia. Está associada a um comprometimento relativo ou absoluto na secreção de insulina, juntamente com vários graus de resistência periférica à ação da insulina. A cada poucos anos, a comunidade de diabetes reavalia as recomendações atuais para a classificação, diagnóstico e triagem do diabetes, refletindo novas informações da pesquisa e da prática clínica

Gamopatia monoclonal de significado renal, importância diagnóstica e terapêutica: relato de caso e revisão bibliográfica

Gamopatia monoclonal de significado renal é um importante diagnóstico dentro do grupo das discrasias plasmocitárias, caracterizadas pela produção excessiva de imunoglobulinas ou fragmentos delas. As proteínas monoclonais são nefrotóxicas ou podem causar lesão renal indiretamente. Há uma variedade de tipo de lesões causadas pelas gamopatias monoclonais de significado renal, com acometimento glomerular, tubulointersticial e vascular. O artigo propõe-se a relatar um caso de um paciente de 45 anos, com quadro de síndrome nefrótica, diagnosticado corretamente através da biópsia renal, iniciado tratamento em tempo hábil, o que possibilitou desfecho renal favorável