Hästars aktivitet och liggtid på madrasserade gummimattor i box

Sleep is essential for all mammals and they all have different sleep patterns. Wild horses normally spend 2-8.5% of a 24-hour period in recumbent position while stabled horses lie down 11-20%. To fulfil the need of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep the horse must lie down with support against the ground for the head. The lying behavior can be affected by external stimuli such as age, food intake, bedding materials and if the horses feel safe or not. This study investigates the lying behavior of horses on different bedding materials; wood shavings and filled rubber mats (HIT SoftBed®). Active Stable® promotes a housing system for loose barns and stables with filled rubber mats, HIT SoftBed®, as an economic and comfortable alternative to classic bedding materials such as wood shaving or straw. Studies have shown that horses prefer to lie down on traditional bedding materials in comparison to no bedding material. Scientists suggest that lack of sleep can affect the welfare of horses. Filled rubber mats are a relatively new product on the market, therefor there is a need for studies which investigates if the bedding material implicates the horses lying behavior. The aim of this study is to investigate if the time horses spend recumbent and their lying behavior is different on filled rubber mats in comparison to wood shavings. The research questions are “Do horses lie down for a longer time on wood shaving as compared to filled rubber mats?” and “Do horses lie down in various length of time in sternal recumbence respectively lateral recumbence on wood shaving as compared to filled rubber mats?” The hypotheses of this study are “The horses total time spent lying down is longer on wood shavings as against filled rubber mats” and “The time horse spend in lateral recumbence is longer on wood shavings compared to filled rubber mats”. Eight mares were filmed during three 24-hour periods in a cross-over study in single boxes. The following behaviors were registered by frequency; time spent lying down, standing active, standing passive, searching food/eating, time outside the box and tied up in the box. Time horses spent in sternal and lateral recumbence were registered continuously. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the time the horses spent lying down (p<0.001) on wood shavings compared to filled rubber mats. There were also significant differences between the behaviors standing passively, time spent eating or searching food and time tied up in the box (p<0.05) between the bedding materials. The conclusion of this study showed that the horses lie down a longer time on wood shavings. Time spent in sternal position was significant longer (p<0.05) on wood shaving compared to filled rubber mats. There were no significant differences in time spent in lateral recumbence

Digital Marine Osteoarchaeology : The problematization of bodies and bones in water

This master's thesis is intended as a foundation for further development of methods for digital marine osteoarchaeology. The main purpose of this thesis was to examine and problematise the process of locating, documenting, and analyzing skeletal remains in marine archaeological, and other hard to reach sites. Three forms of osteological analysis' was performed and assessed: one based on analysis of physical skeletal remains, another based on 2D documented skeletal remains, and a third on analysis on 3D reconstructed skeletal remains. The secondary purpose of this thesis was to problematise the taphonomic effects on bodies, body parts, and bones in marine environments, necessary for the evaluation of the different methods. The analysis' has been conducted on source material provided by the research projects for the naval ships Mars and Gribshunden, the National Maritime Museum of Sweden, the Sandby Borg project, and the Çatalhöyük project. In addition, a test was carried out, with eight volunteer osteology students at Campus Gotland, Uppsala University, during a seminar exercise. The results collected through the osteological analysis' performed on the three different formats and the students osteology exercise could be used in order to highlight a variation of data available in the different formats. The results was then used in order to create a basis for future digital documentation methods that may be applied in the field. The secondary aim of this thesis was addressed through the use of the naval ships Mars and Gribshunden as case examples in order to address the limited amount of skeletal remains located so far at the marine archaeological sites.Denna master uppsats är ämnad som grund för vidare utveckling av metoder för digital marinosteoarkeologi. Det huvudsakliga syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka och problematisera problemen kring at lokalisera, dokumentera, och analysera skeletala kvarlevor vid marinarkeologiska, och andra svåråtkomliga lokaler. Tre olika slags osteologiska analyser utfördes: en baserad på analyser av skeletala kvarlevor, en annan baserad analyser av 2D dokumenterade skeletala kvarlevor, och en tredje baserat på analyser av 3D rekonstruerade skeletala kvarlevor. Det sekundära syftet uppsatsen var att problematisera den tafonomiska påverkan på kroppar, kroppsdelar, och ben i marina miljöer, nödvändiga för utvärderingen för de olika metoderna. Analyserna har utförts på källmaterial som tillgängliggjorts genom forskningsprojekten för skeppen Mars och Gribshunden, Statens Maritima Museer i Sverige, Sandby borg projektet, och Catalhöyük projektet. Utöver detta har även en studie utförts tillsammans med åtta frivilliga osteologistudenter vid Campus Gotland, Uppsala Universitet, under en seminarieövning. Resultaten som samlades in genom de osteologiska analyserna av de tre olika källmaterialen och student studien användes för att kunna understryka den datavariation som fanns tillgänglig för de olika källmaterialen. Resultaten användes för att skapa en grund för framtida digitala dokumentationsmetoder som kan appliceras i fält. Det sekundära syftet med studien besvarades genom att använda skeppen Mars och Gribshunden som exempel för att kunna diskutera den begränsade mängden skeletala kvarlevor som hittills hittats vid de marinarkeologiska lokalerna

Learning to be employable : Young people’s narratives from within the local labour market policy

The issue of unemployment has become individualised. In recent decades, Swedish social- and labour market policies have changed towards an emphasis on activation, which places greater demands on the job seeker to actively seek work, participate in employment initiatives and improve their employability. This thesis studies how these requirements are expressed in the municipal acti­vation of young people (18-29 years of age). The purpose of the study is to highlight and problematise the activation’s creation of employable individuals and its consequences for young people’s identity work. The study is based on ethnographic field work in an activation programme. The data consists of field notes, interviews and audio recordings from the pro­gramme’s daily activities and the young people’s tripartite meetings with pub­lic employment officers, which are also attended by staff from the activation programme. Based on Goffman’s perspective on total institutions and an inter­actionist, discursive and narrative approach, the study illustrates activation from the point of view of the programme participants’ own perspectives and narratives. The analysis shows how the programme screens young people from their environment and at the same time monitors and controls them. A daily sched­ule has to be followed, which means that all the young people do the same activity at the same time. The analysis identifies the prominent discourses that set the framework for the design of the activation and the everyday activities, as well as how the young people’s situations and needs are understood. The participants are categorised as “problem young people” with faults and fail­ings. Included in the activation is a desire to change them into employable and capable individuals who can fit into the adult world. However, it is the young people who are responsible for working on themselves in accordance with the prevailing ideals. Thus, it is not primarily about reinforcing their competences in aspects like education and experience of working life. Rather, the young peo­ple are encouraged to adopt new ways of thinking and characteristics, such as being active, flexible, reflexive, well-behaved and accepting responsibility. They are challenged to show motivation, self-confidence and social and com­munica­tive skills. By encouraging the young people to change themselves and adopt certain personal characteristics, the activation conveys the image of un­employment as a personal problem that requires a personal solution, rather than a social problem.  In the young people’s narratives, the activation is depicted as meaningless in that the programme does not lead to employment. At the same time, the young people say that the programme has given them new values and ways of seeing themselves. The activation can therefore be understood as a practice of normalisation as well as a semi-total institution that disciplines and changes the participants

Personvalet i det mångkulturella samhället : En studie av personvalets betydelse för kandidater med utländsk bakgrund

The purpose of this essay is to examine the importance of personal election for candidates of foreign background. I made this, first, by map and comparing the candidates of foreign background in the recent Swedish and Finnish parliamentary election. Second, I analyze what conceptions candidates of foreign background, who was nominated in the 2006 municipal election in Örebro, have about the personal election. The result from the first study shows that personal election had a negative impact on candidates of foreign background in both the Swedish and Finnish parliamentary elections. The result from the second study shows that candidates of foreign background have both positive and negative conceptions about the personal election.

The skeletal remains of the naval ship Mars : An osteological pre-study for analysing digitally documented skeletalremains in a marine context

Denna kandidatuppsats är ämnad att ligga som grund för framtida osteologisk dokumentation ochanalys av de skeletala kvarlevorna från skeppet Mars, och är utförd i samarbete med projektet SkeppetMars (1564).Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka och problematisera möjligheterna att analyseradigitalt dokumenterade skeletala kvarlevor i en marin miljö. För att utvärdera möjligheterna ochbegränsningarna med att utföra en digital osteologisk analys utfördes en mindre studie av det digitaltdokumenterade material som hittills insamlats från skeppet Mars. Analysen visade att en osteologiskanalys kan utföras på digitalt dokumenterade skeletala kvarlevor men att det finns begränsningar medatt utföra en analys av ett två dimensionellt källmaterial. Syftet med denna uppsats är även attdiskutera och lyfta fram hur skeletala kvarlevor påverkas under längre tid i marina sediment* samtbräckt/salt vatten. Syftet med denna uppsats är även att diskutera hur en hypotetisk inhämtning och konservering av de skeletala kvarlevorna från skeppet Mars bör utföras.This bachelor's thesis is intended to lay the ground for future osteological documentation and analysisof the skeletal remains from the naval ship Mars, and is conducted with the project Skeppet Mars(1564). The main purpose of this thesis is to examine and problematise the possibility to analysedigitally documented skeletal remains in a marine context. In order to evaluate the possibilities andlimitations of performing an osteological analysis, a small analysis was conducted on the digitallydocumented skeletal remains collected from the naval ship Mars so far. The analysis showed that anosteological analysis can be performed on digitally documented skeletal remains, there are, however,limitations of performing an analysis on a two dimensional documentation. The secondary purpose ofthis thesis is to discuss and highlight how skeletal remains are affected by marine sediment* andbrackish/saltwater over a long period of time. An additional goal for this thesis is to discuss how ahypothetical retrieval and conservation of the skeletal remains of the naval ship Mars shouldpreferably be performed

Att implementera integration? : En studie av frontlinjebyråkraters myndighetsutövning med fokus på deras arbete med invandrarklienter

Den här uppsatsen belyser implementeringen av den svenska integrationspolitiken utifrån ett nerifrån-och-upp-perspektiv med avstamp i frontlinjebyråkratiteorin. Uppsatsen syftar till att jämföra och beskriva frontlinjebyråkraters myndighetsutövning, med ett särskilt fokus på deras arbete med invandrarklienter. Frågan är i vad mån detta skiljer sig mellan de frontlinjebyråkrater som arbetar med invandrarklienter under deras första tid i samhället och de som inte gör det. Och vilken betydelse kan detta antas ha för det integrationspolitiska utfallet? Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom kvalitativa intervjuer med frontlinjebyråkrater inom två kommunala förvaltningsmyndigheter i Örebro. Resultaten visar att samtliga frontlinjebyråkrater till stor del uppfattar myndighetsutövningen på samma sätt. Frontlinjebyråkraterna uppfattar dock invandrarklienterna utifrån kulturella faktorer. Dessa uppfattningar kan riskera att slå igenom i myndighetsutövningen eftersom frontlinjebyråkraterna samtidigt uppfattar att myndighetsutövningen möjliggör en flexibel tillämpning av regelverket och en möjlighet att orientera sig mot den enskilda klientens behov och önskemål. För det integrationspolitiska utfallet är således detta negativt, då uppfattningar om invandrarklienterna som bärare av kulturella attribut snarare går i en assimilationspolitisk än integrationspolitisk linje

Learning to be employable : Young people’s narratives from within the local labour market policy

The issue of unemployment has become individualised. In recent decades, Swedish social- and labour market policies have changed towards an emphasis on activation, which places greater demands on the job seeker to actively seek work, participate in employment initiatives and improve their employability. This thesis studies how these requirements are expressed in the municipal acti­vation of young people (18-29 years of age). The purpose of the study is to highlight and problematise the activation’s creation of employable individuals and its consequences for young people’s identity work. The study is based on ethnographic field work in an activation programme. The data consists of field notes, interviews and audio recordings from the pro­gramme’s daily activities and the young people’s tripartite meetings with pub­lic employment officers, which are also attended by staff from the activation programme. Based on Goffman’s perspective on total institutions and an inter­actionist, discursive and narrative approach, the study illustrates activation from the point of view of the programme participants’ own perspectives and narratives. The analysis shows how the programme screens young people from their environment and at the same time monitors and controls them. A daily sched­ule has to be followed, which means that all the young people do the same activity at the same time. The analysis identifies the prominent discourses that set the framework for the design of the activation and the everyday activities, as well as how the young people’s situations and needs are understood. The participants are categorised as “problem young people” with faults and fail­ings. Included in the activation is a desire to change them into employable and capable individuals who can fit into the adult world. However, it is the young people who are responsible for working on themselves in accordance with the prevailing ideals. Thus, it is not primarily about reinforcing their competences in aspects like education and experience of working life. Rather, the young peo­ple are encouraged to adopt new ways of thinking and characteristics, such as being active, flexible, reflexive, well-behaved and accepting responsibility. They are challenged to show motivation, self-confidence and social and com­munica­tive skills. By encouraging the young people to change themselves and adopt certain personal characteristics, the activation conveys the image of un­employment as a personal problem that requires a personal solution, rather than a social problem.  In the young people’s narratives, the activation is depicted as meaningless in that the programme does not lead to employment. At the same time, the young people say that the programme has given them new values and ways of seeing themselves. The activation can therefore be understood as a practice of normalisation as well as a semi-total institution that disciplines and changes the participants

Nu stannar vi på marken : En kvantitativ studie om flygskattens effekt på inrikes flyg- och tågpassagerare

Den 1 april 2018 infördes en flygskatt för kommersiella flygresor per passagerare i Sverige. Enligt SOU 2016:83 var intentionen med flygskatten att minska miljöpåverkan som flygindustrin bidrar med. Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur implementeringen av den svenska flygskatten har påverkat antalet inrikes flyg- och tågresenärer. För studien används metoderna minsta-kvadrat-metoden (OLS) samt en eventstudie (ARIMA). För eventstudien skattas ett predicerat resultat från tidigare periods trender och jämförs med det faktiska utfallet. Studiens undersökningsperiod är första kvartalet 2012 till och med sista kvartalet 2019. Kontroll har gjorts av prisindex för respektive transportmedel. Trots flygskattens införande, har flygresor blivit något billigare under studiens period samtidigt som tågresor blivit dyrare. Resultatet visar på signifikans för antalet faktiska flygpassagerare i relation till det predicerade resultatet på 0,1 procents signifikansnivå, där antal faktiska flygresenärer minskat. Medan antalet tågresenärer ökat under studiens period vilket däremot inte uppvisar signifikans.On the 1st of April 2018, an air travel tax was introduced in Sweden for commercial flights per passenger. According to the Swedish government’s public investigation (SOU) 2016:83, the air travel tax is intended to reduce the environmental impact caused by the aviation industry. The purpose of this thesis is to examine how the implementation of the Swedish aviation tax has affected the number of domestic air and train travelers. For this study the methods used are Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and an Event Study (ARIMA). For the ARIMA model, a predicted outcome based on previous periods’ trends is estimated and compared to the actual outcome. The study examines the time period between the first quarter of 2012 to the last quarter of 2019. A control has been done for the price index of each means of transportation. Despite the implementation of the air travel tax, air travel has become slightly cheaper, while train travel has become more expensive. The result shows statistical significance for actual air passengers in relation to the predicted outcome, at a significans level of 0.1, where actual air passengers decreased. Even though the number of train passengers have increased during 2012-2019, the results were not statistically significant