Decontamination of bioaerosols within engineering tolerances of aircraft materials

2012 Fall.Includes bibliographical references.To view the abstract, please see the full text of the document

Evidence based environmental management: what can medicine and public health tell us?

Introduction: Ioan welcomed participants and explained that the central theme of the workshop was that environmental managers could learn much from the approach to systematically reviewing and critically appraising scientific literature that has been developed in medicine and public health over the last 30 years. This method, referred to as ‘evidence-based medicine’ (EBM), has turned clinical medicine around from being based largely on ad hoc literature reviews, trial and error and expert opinion, to being firmly based on the best quality evidence available internationally. The idea that the model of EBM can be applied to environmental management has now originated in at least three ‘nodes’ where people either work or are linked in some way across scientific disciplines. Janet Salisbury made this connection when her consultancy work in science information took her between writing about clinical and public health issues for the NHMRC, on the one hand, and about environmental science and resource management issues on the other. She noticed that whereas in the medical and health areas there is a systematic approach to gathering, ranking and critically appraising evidence (eg for the efficacy of a clinical procedure or lifestyle change), there is no such rigorous approach to evidence about environmental interventions. Instead, many mitigation and management decisions, even expensive ones, are taken with relative ignorance as to whether they are likely to be successful. John Maindonald, a statistician who has worked both in the agriculture/environmental areas and in epidemiology and biostatistics, made the same connections while working at the Statistical Consulting Unit at the ANU. Meanwhile, Pullin and Knight (2001) — a cross-disciplinary collaboration between an environmental scientist and a health practitioner in the UK — published a paper in Conservation Biology that also suggested taking a similar approach in conservation biology to that used in evidence based medicine. Ioan and Janet first discussed the idea of evidence-based environmental management in mid-2001. In December 2001, Janet spoke about EBM and its possible applicability to environmental management at an informal meeting of the CRES ecological discussion group. It was agreed that whilst there were a number of issues that need to be addressed, the concept of evidence-based environmental management has considerable potential

Abiotic formation of methyl iodide on synthetic birnessite: A mechanistic study

Methyl iodide is a well-known volatile halogenated organic compound that contributes to the iodine content in the troposphere, potentially resulting in damage to the ozone layer. Most methyl iodide sources derive from biological activity in oceans and soils with very few abiotic mechanisms proposed in the literature. In this study we report that synthetic manganese oxide (birnessite δ-MnO2) can catalyze the formation of methyl iodide in the presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and iodide. Methyl iodide formation was only observed at acidic pH (4–5) where iodide is oxidized to iodine and NOM is adsorbed on δ-MnO2. The effect of δ-MnO2, iodide and NOM concentrations, nature of NOM and ionic strength was investigated. High concentrations of methyl iodide were formed in experiments conducted with the model compound pyruvate. The Lewis acid property of δ-MnO2 leads to a polarization of the iodine molecule, and catalyzes the reaction with natural organic matter. As manganese oxides are strong oxidants and are ubiquitous in the environment, this mechanism could significantly contribute to the global atmospheric input of iodine