Applicability of Secondary Denitrification Measures on a Fluidized Bed Boiler

This article compares performance of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) applied on the same pilot unit, a 500 kW fluidized bed boiler burning Czech lignite. Correlation of the denitrification efficiency on the normalized stoichiometric ratio (NSR) is investigated. The fundamental principle of the SCR and SNCR is similar with the same reaction scheme. The difference is in the use of the catalyst that lowers the activation energy of the key reaction. As a result, the reduction is performed in the SCR method at lower temperatures. During experiments, the NSR was up to 1.6 for the SCR method. For the SNCR method, which has a higher reducing agent consumption, maximum denitrification efficiency was reached for NSR about 2.5. The efficiency of both secondary methods was investigated. The denitrification efficiency during experiments exceeded 98 % for the SCR method, and the SNCR method, together with the primary measures, reached an efficiency of 58 %

Thermal Design Optimization of Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchanger Liquid to Liquid to Minimize Cost using Combination Bell-Delaware Method and Genetic Algorithm

Shell-and-tube heat exchanger is designed to satisfy certain requirements such as heat transfer capability, allowable pressure drop and limitation of size. Beside such requirements, it is important to consider  economical point of view to get the lowest total cost. In this study, computational program and optimization for thermal design shell-and-tube heat exchanger were built for liquid to liquid with no phase change process in four variables design parameters using Bell-Delaware method. The design variables were tube size, tube length, baffle cut to shell inside diameter ratio and central baffle spacing to shell inside diameter ratio. The genetic algorithm was used as optimization method to get lower solution for economical point of view. The results from two study cases show that the genetic algorithm got lower total cost from the original design. The total cost decreased 28.83% in first study case and 52.56% in second study case from the original design

Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid-Based Therapy Attenuates the Progression of Postischemic Heart Failure in Normotensive Sprague-Dawley but Not in Hypertensive Ren-2 Transgenic Rats

Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) and their analogs have been identified as potent antihypertensive compounds with cardio- and renoprotective actions. Here, we examined the effect of EET-A, an orally active EET analog, and c-AUCB, an inhibitor of the EETs degrading enzyme soluble epoxide hydrolase, on the progression of post-myocardial infarction (MI) heart failure (HF) in normotensive Hannover Sprague-Dawley (HanSD) and in heterozygous Ren-2 transgenic rats (TGR) with angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Adult male rats (12 weeks old) were subjected to 60-min left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion or sham (non-MI) operation. Animals were treated with EET-A and c-AUCB (10 and 1 mg/kg/day, respectively) in drinking water, given alone or combined for 5 weeks starting 24 h after MI induction. Left ventricle (LV) function and geometry were assessed by echocardiography before MI and during the progression of HF. At the end of the study, LV function was determined by catheterization and tissue samples were collected. Ischemic mortality due to the incidence of sustained ventricular fibrillation was significantly higher in TGR than in HanSD rats (35.4 and 17.7%, respectively). MI-induced HF markedly increased LV end-diastolic pressure (Ped) and reduced fractional shortening (FS) and the peak rate of pressure development [+(dP/dt)max] in untreated HanSD compared to sham (non-MI) group [Ped: 30.5 ± 3.3 vs. 9.7 ± 1.3 mmHg; FS: 11.1 ± 1.0 vs. 40.8 ± 0.5%; +(dP/dt)max: 3890 ± 291 vs. 5947 ± 309 mmHg/s]. EET-A and c-AUCB, given alone, tended to improve LV function parameters in HanSD rats. Their combination amplified the cardioprotective effect of single therapy and reached significant differences compared to untreated HanSD controls [Ped: 19.4 ± 2.2 mmHg; FS: 14.9 ± 1.0%; +(dP/dt)max: 5278 ± 255 mmHg/s]. In TGR, MI resulted in the impairment of LV function like HanSD rats. All treatments reduced the increased level of albuminuria in TGR compared to untreated MI group, but neither single nor combined EET-based therapy improved LV function. Our results indicate that EET-based therapy attenuates the progression of post-MI HF in HanSD, but not in TGR, even though they exhibited renoprotective action in TGR hypertensive rats

Preliminary prospects of a Carnot-battery based on a supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle

As a part of the change towards a higher usage of renewable energy sources, which naturally deliver the energy intermittently, the need for energy storage systems is increasing. For the compensation of the disturbance in power production due to inter-day to seasonal weather changes, a long-term energy storage is required. In the spectrum of storage systems, one out of a few geographically independent possibilities is the use of heat to store electricity, so-called Carnot-batteries. This paper presents a Pumped Thermal Energy Storage (PTES) system based on a recuperated and recompressed supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle. It is analysed if this configuration of a Brayton cycle, which is most advantageous for supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles, can be favourably integrated into a Carnot-battery and if a similar high efficiency can be achieved, despite the constraints caused by the integration. The modelled PTES operates at a pressure ratio of 3 with a low nominal pressure of 8 MPa, in a temperature range between 16 °C and 513 °C. The modelled system provides a round-trip efficiency of 38.9 % and was designed for a maximum of 3.5 MW electric power output. The research shows that an acceptable round-trip efficiency can be achieved with a recuperated and recompressed Brayton Cycle employing supercritical CO2 as the working fluid. However, a higher efficiency would be expected to justify the complexity of the configuration

Dynamic visualization of the combustion processes in boilers

This paper focuses on the simulation and visualisation of coal combustion in the pulverised coal boilers. It is important to find optimal boiler configurations (both for the ecological and economical reasons), determine appropriate combustibles, optimize process of combustion, etc. These tasks are typically solved using traditional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods that are in general computationally very expensive. Our work is based on a different approach. We use simplified methods for determining direction and speed of air stream in particular places in the boiler. Further we use simplified methods for the simulation of combustion processes and heat transfer as well. A particle system is used to simulate and visualise the behaviour of the coal particles and air streams in voxelized boiler space. We developed concept of virtual particles – they represent certain amount of coal, air, ash and other materials in a voxel under investigation

Wet stack – Analysis of condensation

The aim of the paper is to introduce the study of condensation processes in the wet stack. Because of the high cost of reheating (due to the loss of useful heat of flue gases), wet stacks are being considered for new or retrofit applications of wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems around the word. Wet stacks, in contrast to classical chimneys where flue gases are heated up to avoid any condensation, works with wet flue gases and condensation is welcome. The study provides a quantitative analysis of the condensation

Wet stack – Analysis of condensation

The aim of the paper is to introduce the study of condensation processes in the wet stack. Because of the high cost of reheating (due to the loss of useful heat of flue gases), wet stacks are being considered for new or retrofit applications of wet flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems around the word. Wet stacks, in contrast to classical chimneys where flue gases are heated up to avoid any condensation, works with wet flue gases and condensation is welcome. The study provides a quantitative analysis of the condensation

DYNAMIC VISUALISATION OF THE COMBUSTION PROCESSES IN BOILERS

This paper focuses on the simulation and visualisation of coal combustion in the pulverised coal boilers. It is important to find optimal boiler configurations (both for the ecological and economical reasons), determine appropriate combustibles, optimize process of combustion, etc. These tasks are typically solved using traditional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods that are in general computationally very expensive. Our work is based on a different approach. We use simplified methods for determining direction and speed of air stream in particular places in the boiler. Further we use simplified methods for the simulation of combustion processes and heat transfer as well. A particle system is used to simulate and visualise the behaviour of the coal particles and air streams in voxelized boiler space. We developed concept of virtual particles – they represent certain amount of coal, air, ash and other materials in a voxel under investigation

Applicability of Secondary Denitrification Measures on a Fluidized Bed Boiler

This article compares performance of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) applied on the same pilot unit, a 500 kW fluidized bed boiler burning Czech lignite. Correlation of the denitrification efficiency on the normalized stoichiometric ratio (NSR) is investigated. The fundamental principle of the SCR and SNCR is similar with the same reaction scheme. The difference is in the use of the catalyst that lowers the activation energy of the key reaction. As a result, the reduction is performed in the SCR method at lower temperatures. During experiments, the NSR was up to 1.6 for the SCR method. For the SNCR method, which has a higher reducing agent consumption, maximum denitrification efficiency was reached for NSR about 2.5. The efficiency of both secondary methods was investigated. The denitrification efficiency during experiments exceeded 98 % for the SCR method, and the SNCR method, together with the primary measures, reached an efficiency of 58 %

Excitace atomů rtuti v dohasínajícím dusíkovém plazmatu

The work presents results obtained during spectroscopic observations of nitrogen DC flowing post-discharges at the total gas pressure of 1000 Pa and at the discharge current of 100 mA. Mercury traces were introduced into the system using auxiliary pure nitrogen flow enriched by mercury vapor. A very low mercury concentration of 3.7 ppb was introduced into the system before the active discharge. The strong quenching of nitrogen pink afterglow was observed but no mercury lines were recorded. Moreover, the vibrational distributions of nitrogen excited states were nearly unchanged. Based on these results, the new experimental set up was created. The introduction point of mercury vapor with higher concentration of 600 ppm was movable during the post discharge up to decay time of 40 ms. Besides three nitrogen spectral systems (first and second positive and first negative), NO-beta and NO-gamma bands, the mercury line at 254 nm was recorded at these conditions. Its intensity was dependent on the mercury vapor introduction position as well as on the mercury concentration. No other mercury lines were observed. The creation of mercury 3P1 state that is the upper state of the observed mercury spectral line is possible by the resonance excitation energy transfer form vibrationally excited nitrogen ground state N2 (X, v = 19). The observed results should form a background for the development of a new titration technique used for the highly vibrationally excited nitrogen ground state molecules determination.Práce prezentuje výsledky získané spektroskopickým pozorováním stejnosměrného dohasínajícího plazmatu v dusíku při celkovém tlaku 1000 Pa a výbojovém proudu 100 mA. Do systému byly přidávány stopy rtuti pomocí proudu čistého dusíku obohaceného o páry rtuti. Velmi nízké koncentrace rtuti (3,7 ppb) byly vpuštěny do systému před aktivním výbojem. Následně bylo pozorováno silné zhášení růžového dosvitu dusíku, ale nebyly zaznamenány žádné čáry rtuti. Navíc se vibrační rozdělení excitovaných stavů dusíku téměř nezměnilo. Na základě těchto výsledků byl vytvořen nový systém. Vstupní bod par rtuti s vyšší koncentrací (600 ppm) se tak mohl pohybovat kolem dohasínajícího výboje až do času 40 ms. Kromě tří spektrálních systémů dusíku (první a druhý pozitivní a první negativní) a pásů NO-beta a NOgamma byla za těchto podmínek zaznamenána i čára rtuti při 254 nm. Její intenzita byla závislá na místě vstupu par rtuti, jakožto i na koncentraci rtuti. Žádné další čáry rtuti nebyly zaznamenány. Tvorba 3P1 stavu rtuti, který je vyšším stavem pozorované spektrální čáry rtuti, je možná rezonančním přechodem excitované energie z vibračně vybuzeného základního stavu dusíku N2 (X, v = 19). Pozorované výsledky by měly tvořit základ pro rozvoj nové titrační techniky používané ke stanovení vysoce vibračně excitovaných základních stavů molekuly dusíku