Increasing Scope of Search Incidental to Arrest

One of the major problems in the law of search and seizure today is the increasing scope of search incidental to arrest. This problem is intimately connected with the decline in the use of warrants by law enforcement officers. In part this decline can be attributed to the vast urbanization and industrialization which has occurred in the United States in the last seventy-five years. Searches and seizures by warrants are undoubtedly easier in a more rural society than is found in the United States today. In the rural atmosphere of the United States from the founding of our nation until the post-Civil War period the absence of rapid means of communication and transportation did not necessitate the speed of action which law enforcement officers believe is demanded in the urban community. The result of this demand for quick action has been a decline in the use of the warrant. The decline in the warrant has intensified the problem of determining by a post-mortem the reasonable limits of search and seizure. Without the prior statement of probable cause and the particular description of the places to be searched and the things to be seized, law enforcement officers must use their own judgment of what constitutes reasonable physical scope of the search and seizure. Allowing for a certain area of disagreement which would be present whether a warrant were used or not, law enforcement officers have demonstrated a tendency to push the limits of the physical scope of search and seizure to the utmost

Gram-negative bacterial molecules associate with Alzheimer disease pathology.

ObjectiveWe determined whether Gram-negative bacterial molecules are associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology given that previous studies demonstrate Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria can form extracellular amyloid and Gram-negative bacteria have been reported as the predominant bacteria found in normal human brains.MethodsBrain samples from gray and white matter were studied from patients with AD (n = 24) and age-matched controls (n = 18). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and E coli K99 pili protein were evaluated by Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Human brain samples were assessed for E coli DNA followed by DNA sequencing.ResultsLPS and E coli K99 were detected immunocytochemically in brain parenchyma and vessels in all AD and control brains. K99 levels measured using Western blots were greater in AD compared to control brains (p < 0.01) and K99 was localized to neuron-like cells in AD but not control brains. LPS levels were also greater in AD compared to control brain. LPS colocalized with Aβ1-40/42 in amyloid plaques and with Aβ1-40/42 around vessels in AD brains. DNA sequencing confirmed E coli DNA in human control and AD brains.ConclusionsE coli K99 and LPS levels were greater in AD compared to control brains. LPS colocalized with Aβ1-40/42 in amyloid plaques and around vessels in AD brain. The data show that Gram-negative bacterial molecules are associated with AD neuropathology. They are consistent with our LPS-ischemia-hypoxia rat model that produces myelin aggregates that colocalize with Aβ and resemble amyloid-like plaques

Treebank vs. xbar-based automatic f-structure annotation

Manual, large scale (computational) grammar development is time consuming, expensive and requires lots of linguistic expertise. More recently, a number of alternatives based on treebank resources (such as Penn-II, Susanne, AP treebank) have been explored. The idea is to automatically ``induce'' or rather read off (P)CFG grammars from the parse annotated treebank resources and to use the treebank grammars thus obtained in (probabilistic) parsing or as a starting point for further grammar development. The approach is cheap, fast, automatic, large scale, ``data driven'' and based on real language resources. Treebank grammars typically involve large sets of lexical tags and non-lexical categories as syntactic information tends to be encoded in monadic category symbols. They feature flat rules (trees) that can ``underspecify'' attachment possibilities. Treebank grammars do not in general follow Xbar architectural design principles (this is not to say that treebank grammars do not have design principles). As a consequence, treebank grammars tend to have very large CFG rule bases (e.g. Penn-II > 17,000 CFG rules for about 1 million words of text) with often only minimally differing rules. Even though treebank grammars are large, they are still incomplete, exhibiting unabated rule accession rates. From a grammar engineering point of view, the size of the rule base poses problems for maintainability, extendability and, if a treebank grammar is to be used as a CF-base in a LFG grammar, for functional (feature-structure) annotations. From the point of view of theoretical linguistics, flat treebank trees and treebank grammars extracted from such trees do not express linguistic generalisations. From the perspective of empirical and corpus linguistics, flat trees are well-motivated as they allow underspecification of subtle and often time consuming attachment decisions. Indeed, it is sometimes doubted whether highly general Xbar schemata usefully scale to ``real'' language. In previous work we developed methodologies for automatic feature-structure annotation of grammars extracted from treebanks. Automatic annotation of ``raw'' treebank grammars is difficult as annotation rules often need to identify subsequences in the RHSs of flat treebank rules as they explicitly encode head, complement and modifier relations. Xbar based CFG rules should substantially facilitate automatic feature-structure annotation of grammar rules. In the present paper we conduct a number of experiments to explore a space of possible grammars based on a small fragment of the AP treebank resource. Starting with the original treebank fragment we automatically extract a CFG G. We then apply an automatic structure preserving grammar compaction step which generalises categories in the original treebank fragment and reduces the number of rules extracted, resulting in a generalised treebank fragment and in a compacted grammar Gc. The generalised fragment is then manually corrected to catch missed constituents (and the like) resulting in an automatically extracted, compacted and (effectively manually) corrected grammar Gc,m. Manual correction proceeds in the ``spirit'' of treebank grammars (we do not introduce Xbar analyses). We then explore how many of the manual correction steps on treebank trees can be achieved automatically. We develop, implement and test an automatic treebank ``grooming'' methodology which is applied to the generalised treebank fragment to yield a compacted and automatically corrected grammar Gc,a. Grammars Gc,m and Gc,a are very similar to compiled out ``flat'' LFG-82 style grammars. We explore regular expression based compaction (both manual and automatic) to relate Gc,m to a LFG-82 style grammar design. Finally, we manually recode a subsection of the generalised and manually corrected treebank fragment into ``vanilla-flavour'' XBar based trees. From these we extract a compacted, manually corrected, XBar based grammar Gc,m,x. We evaluate our grammars and methods using standard labelled bracketing measures and according to how well they perform under automatic feature-structure annotation tasks

Inflammation Combined with Ischemia Produces Myelin Injury and Plaque-Like Aggregates of Myelin, Amyloid-β and AβPP in Adult Rat Brain.

BackgroundIschemia, white matter injury, and Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies often co-exist in aging brain. How one condition predisposes to, interacts with, or perhaps causes the others remains unclear.ObjectivesTo better understand the link between ischemia, white matter injury, and AD, adult rats were administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to serve as an inflammatory stimulus, and 24 h later subjected to 20-min focal cerebral ischemia (IS) followed by 30-min hypoxia (H).MethodsMyelin and axonal damage, as well as amyloid-β (Aβ) and amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) deposition were examined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry following LPS/IS/H. Findings were compared to the 5XFAD mouse AD brain.ResultsMyelin/axonal injury was observed bilaterally in cortex following LPS/IS/H, along with an increase in IL-1, granzyme B, and LPS. AβPP deposition was present in ischemic striatum in regions of myelin loss. Aβ(1-42) and AβPP were deposited in small foci in ischemic cortex that co-localized with myelin aggregates. In the 5XFAD mouse AD model, cortical amyloid plaques also co-localized with myelin aggregates.ConclusionsLPS/IS/H produce myelin injury and plaque-like aggregates of myelin. AβPP and Aβ co-localize with these myelin aggregates

Lightweight Cellular Concrete: Applicability of Pavement Subbase Layer Materials

Canada is the second-largest country in the world and has over 1.04 million km of roads. Residents and industries rely on the road network as it contributes significantly to quality of life. Pavement structures built over weak subgrade soil suffers from freeze-thaw and frost heave, this also leads to increased total cost of maintenance and rehabilitation and can also have an adverse environmental impact. Therefore, this research has proposed different solutions to solve these challenges, Lightweight Cellular Concrete (LCC) is one of the materials that has been applied in this type of situation which can provide technical, economic, and environmental benefits. The use of Lightweight Cellular Concrete (LCC) in transportation infrastructure has been growing in recent years. LCC is a versatile material that contains several benefits to pavement construction, such as excellent flowability, good freeze-thaw resistance, and sustainability. As the subbase layer's quality and strength requirements are not as harsh as the base layer, LCC becomes a feasible material to be implemented to protect the weak soil roadbed. However, there is a lack of mechanical analysis and design guidelines for LCC usage in pavement design. The on-field pavement performance is also lacking with the LCC materials. Three different densities of LCC are considered and evaluated in this research. Laboratory tests and pavement performance analysis using different evaluation methods were used in this research. Laboratory tests were performed at the Centre for Pavement and Transportation Technology (CPATT) at the University of Waterloo. The tests evaluated various properties including mechanical properties, durability, microstructure of LCC, and other LCC properties. Overall, it was found that the LCC is a stiffer material compared with unbound granular material but weaker than chemically stabilized base materials. The density of the LCC greatly influences its properties. The 475 kg/m3 and 600 kg/m3 densities were found to have a better pore structure than the 400 kg/m3 density LCC. Moreover, the 475 kg/m3 and 600 kg/m3 densities were discovered to be durable after 180 cycles of freeze and thaw cycling. The pavement performance analysis was performed using three different methods: the failure criteria analysis, granular base equivalency method, and the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) software. In the failure criteria analysis, LCC sections outperformed the granular subbase section in both fatigue cracking and rutting. The allowable loads of LCC sections were found to be at least 1.6 to 7 times of granular sections, showing that LCC sections' bearing capacity is greater than that of granular sections based on the testing. In the granular base equivalency method, the LCC sections could reduce their layer thickness compared to the unbound granular subbase section by 44% to 65%. MEPDG results showed that pavement with LCC as a subbase layer also demonstrated superior performance than the granular subbase section, especially in heavier traffic road class. 600 kg/m3 density LCC is suitable for major arterial roads with 7,500 Average Annual Daily Truck Traffic (AADTT). On the other hand, lower densities like 475 kg/m3 density and 400 kg/m3 density could be applied in lower-traffic road classes such as major arterial with 5,000 AADTT, minor arterial road, and collector. Therefore, the pavement design using LCC as the subbase layer should consider the road class to determine the density to be used. The main findings from this research are (1) LCC with density above 400 kg/m3 are able to support the pavement, and the traffic could be open after three to seven days when the construction finished. (2) The pore characteristics of LCC were found to be relevant to its mechanical properties. The 475 and 600 kg/m3 densities LCC demonstrated better pore shape than the 400 kg/m3 density LCC. Even though the 475 kg/m3 density LCC had more significant results of circularity and solidity than the 600 kg/m3 density LCC, it was found that 600 kg/m3 density LCC had greater average thickness between pores, leading to a better strength than the 475 kg/m3 density LCC. (3) The 475 and 600 kg/m3 density LCC have excellent freeze-thaw resistance when it can maintain its moisture, this could benefit when LCC is applied in areas that have a higher water table. (3) According to MEPDG and Weslea results, the LCC sections have better pavement performance in rutting and fatigue cracking than granular section and could be considered in reducing the subbase thickness. (4) It was found the 600 density LCC pavement could withstand up to 7,500 AADTT major arterial road. For road classes that have lower traffic volume, lower densities of LCC could be considered. The above analysis showed that using LCC as a subbase material could provide a more durable pavement in Canada

A home for everyone: a 10-year plan to end homelessness in the city of Manchester.

Document presenting a 10-year plan to end homelessness and the research and data on which it was based

Evaluating automatic LFG f-structure annotation for the Penn-II treebank

Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG: Kaplan and Bresnan, 1982; Bresnan, 2001; Dalrymple, 2001) f-structures represent abstract syntactic information approximating to basic predicate-argument-modifier (dependency) structure or simple logical form (van Genabith and Crouch, 1996; Cahill et al., 2003a) . A number of methods have been developed (van Genabith et al., 1999a,b, 2001; Frank, 2000; Sadler et al., 2000; Frank et al., 2003) for automatically annotating treebank resources with LFG f-structure information. Until recently, however, most of this work on automatic f-structure annotation has been applied only to limited data sets, so while it may have shown lsquoproof of conceptrsquo, it has not yet demonstrated that the techniques developed scale up to much larger data sets. More recent work (Cahill et al., 2002a,b) has presented efforts in evolving and scaling techniques established in these previous papers to the full Penn-II Treebank (Marcus et al., 1994). In this paper, we present a number of quantitative and qualitative evaluation experiments which provide insights into the effectiveness of the techniques developed to automatically derive a set of f-structures for the more than 1,000,000 words and 49,000 sentences of Penn-II. Currently we obtain 94.85% Precision, 95.4% Recall and 95.09% F-Score for preds-only f-structures against a manually encoded gold standard

Genomic Profiling of Childhood Tumor Patient-Derived Xenograft Models to Enable Rational Clinical Trial Design.

Accelerating cures for children with cancer remains an immediate challenge as a result of extensive oncogenic heterogeneity between and within histologies, distinct molecular mechanisms evolving between diagnosis and relapsed disease, and limited therapeutic options. To systematically prioritize and rationally test novel agents in preclinical murine models, researchers within the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Consortium are continuously developing patient-derived xenografts (PDXs)-many of which are refractory to current standard-of-care treatments-from high-risk childhood cancers. Here, we genomically characterize 261 PDX models from 37 unique pediatric cancers; demonstrate faithful recapitulation of histologies and subtypes; and refine our understanding of relapsed disease. In addition, we use expression signatures to classify tumors for TP53 and NF1 pathway inactivation. We anticipate that these data will serve as a resource for pediatric oncology drug development and will guide rational clinical trial design for children with cancer

Functional Polymorphism of the Mu-Opioid Receptor Gene (OPRM1) Influences Reinforcement Learning in Humans

Previous reports on the functional effects (i.e., gain or loss of function), and phenotypic outcomes (e.g., changes in addiction vulnerability and stress response) of a commonly occurring functional single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1 A118G) have been inconsistent. Here we examine the effect of this polymorphism on implicit reward learning. We used a probabilistic signal detection task to determine whether this polymorphism impacts response bias to monetary reward in 63 healthy adult subjects: 51 AA homozygotes and 12 G allele carriers. OPRM1 AA homozygotes exhibited typical responding to the rewarded response—that is, their bias to the rewarded stimulus increased over time. However, OPRM1 G allele carriers exhibited a decline in response to the rewarded stimulus compared to the AA homozygotes. These results extend previous reports on the heritability of performance on this task by implicating a specific polymorphism. Through comparison with other studies using this task, we suggest a possible mechanism by which the OPRM1 polymorphism may confer reduced response to natural reward through a dopamine-mediated decrease during positive reinforcement learning

Alcohol Dehydrogenases, Aldehyde Dehydrogenases, and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Critical Review

Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are complex traits, meaning that variations in many genes contribute to the risk, as does the environment. Although the total genetic contribution to risk is substantial, most individual variations make only very small contributions. By far the strongest contributors are functional variations in two genes involved in alcohol (ethanol) metabolism. A functional variant in alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (ADH1B) is protective in people of European and Asian descent, and a different functional variant in the same gene is protective in those of African descent. A strongly protective variant in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is essentially only found in Asians. This highlights the need to study a wide range of populations. The likely mechanism of protection against heavy drinking and AUD in both cases is alteration in the rate of metabolism of ethanol that at least transiently elevates acetaldehyde. Other ADH and ALDH variants, including functional variations in ADH1C, have also been implicated in affecting drinking behavior and risk for alcoholism. The pattern of linkage disequilibrium in the ADH region, and the differences among populations, complicate analyses, particularly of regulatory variants. This critical review focuses upon the ADH and ALDH genes as they affect AUDs