El ejercicio de la soberanía y el neoliberalismo en México

La presente tesis de investigación intenta estudiar la relación entre el Estado Nacional, el caso de México, y su respuesta a las políticas internacionales emitidas por el Fondo Monetario Internacional, que han significado en su aplicación práctica una pérdida de la soberanía nacional. Desde la implantación del neoliberalismo en México en 1982 hasta el contexto actual, el Estado Mexicano ha experimentado una serie de cuestiones que gradualmente han lacerado la facultad de ejercer su soberanía de forma real

Innovation Trajectories in Honduras’ Coffee Value Chain. Public and Private Influence on the Use of New Knowledge and Technology among Coffee Growers

In this paper, results from a study on the use of improved coffee production technology schemes among smallholder coffee producers in three prominent coffee producing regions in Honduras are presented. The impact of various schemes (trajectories) in which different agents influence the producers’ decision to use new technologies was analyzed. In particular, there are differences in the influence of a) private coffee buying organizations and b) government and public development agencies on the innovation behavior of coffee growers. Drawing from network data that depict the internal and outbound connectedness of producers in three village communities in main coffee producing zones in Honduras, tools of social network analysis were applied to find out how interactions with certain agents, separately and cumulatively, has influenced their use of improved methods in coffee production and marketing. The results suggest that there are significant differences in the way that various providers of knowledge and technology, especially private buyers and development agencies, influence the farmers’ behavior towards innovation. The influence of buyers, according to the data, is focused on certification and quality aspects, whereas development agents focus on improved agronomic practices. Farmers who communicate with the extension branch of input providers tend to be more innovative. These results suggest that development programs should take more seriously into account the role of private actors in innovation among agricultural producers and, hence, design development programs in such a way to allow for collaboration with these agents.coffee production, innovation, upgrading, social networks, Honduras, Agribusiness, Agricultural and Food Policy, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Production Economics, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods, Risk and Uncertainty,

A dissimilarity-based approach for Classification

The Nearest Neighbor classifier has shown to be a powerful tool for multiclass classification. In this note we explore both theoretical properties and empirical behavior of a variant of such method, in which the Nearest Neighbor rule is applied after selecting a set of so-called prototypes, whose cardinality is fixed in advance, by minimizing the empirical mis-classification cost. With this we alleviate the two serious drawbacks of the Nearest Neighbor method: high storage requirements and time-consuming queries. The problem is shown to be NP-Hard. Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) programs are formulated, theoretically compared and solved by a standard MIP solver for problem instances of small size. Large sized problem instances are solved by a metaheuristic yielding good classification rules in reasonable time.operations research and management science;

A Passive Probe for Subsurface Oceans and Liquid Water in Jupiter's Icy Moons

We describe an interferometric reflectometer method for passive detection of subsurface oceans and liquid water in Jovian icy moons using Jupiter's decametric radio emission (DAM). The DAM flux density exceeds 3,000 times the galactic background in the neighborhood of the Jovian icy moons, providing a signal that could be used for passive radio sounding. An instrument located between the icy moon and Jupiter could sample the DAM emission along with its echoes reflected in the ice layer of the target moon. Cross-correlating the direct emission with the echoes would provide a measurement of the ice shell thickness along with its dielectric properties. The interferometric reflectometer provides a simple solution to sub-Jovian radio sounding of ice shells that is complementary to ice penetrating radar measurements better suited to measurements in the anti-Jovian hemisphere that shadows Jupiter's strong decametric emission. The passive nature of this technique also serves as risk reduction in case of radar transmitter failure. The interferometric reflectometer could operate with electrically short antennas, thus extending ice depth measurements to lower frequencies, and potentially providing a deeper view into the ice shells of Jovian moons.Comment: Submitted to Icaru

Innovation Trajectories in Honduras' Coffee Value Chain. Public and Private Influence on the Use of New Knowledge and Technology among Coffee Growers

 In this paper, results from a study on the use of improved coffee production technology schemes among smallholder coffee producers in three prominent coffee producing regions in Honduras are presented. The impact of various schemes (trajectories) in which different agents influence the producers’ decision to use new technologies was analyzed. In particular, there are differences in the influence of a) private coffee buying organizations and b) government and public development agencies on the innovation behavior of coffee growers. Drawing from network data that depict the internal and outbound connectedness of producers in three village communities in main coffee producing zones in Honduras, tools of social network analysis were applied to find out how interactions with certain agents, separately and cumulatively, has influenced their use of improved methods in coffee production and marketing. The results suggest that there are significant differences in the way that various providers of knowledge and technology, especially private buyers and development agencies, influence the farmers’ behavior towards innovation. The influence of buyers, according to the data, is focused on certification and quality aspects, whereas development agents focus on improved agronomic practices. Farmers who communicate with the extension branch of input providers tend to be more innovative. These results suggest that development programs should take more seriously into account the role of private actors in innovation among agricultural producers and, hence, design development programs in such a way to allow for collaboration with these agents

Innovation Trajectories in Honduras’ Coffee Value Chain? - Public and the Private Influence on the Use of new Knowledge and Technology among Coffee Growers -

In this paper we present results from a study on the use of improved coffee production technology schemes among smallholder coffee producers in three prominent coffee producing regions in Honduras. We analyze the impact of various schemes (trajectories) in which different agents influence the producers’ decision to use new technologies. In particular, we distinguish the influence of a) private coffee buying organizations and b) government and public development agencies on the innovation behavior of coffee growers. Drawing from network data that depict the internal and outbound connectedness of producers in three village communities in main coffee producing zones in Honduras, we applied tools of social network analysis to find out how interactions with certain agents, separately and cumulatively, has influenced their use of improved methods in coffee production and marketing. The results suggest that there are significant differences in the way that various providers of knowledge and technology, especially private buyers and development agencies, influence the farmers’ behavior towards innovation. The influence of buyers, according to our data, is focused on certification and quality aspects, whereas development agents focus on improved agronomic practices. We also find that farmers who communicate with the extension branch of input providers tend to be more innovative. These results suggest that development programs should take more seriously into account the role of private actors in innovation among agricultural producers and, hence, design development programs in such a way to allow for collaboration with these agents

Predicting C-H/π\pi interactions with nonlocal density functional theory

We examine the performance of a recently developed nonlocal density functional in predicting a model noncovalent interaction, the weak bond between an aromatic $\pi$ system and an aliphatic C-H group. The new functional is a significant improvement over traditional density functionals, providing results which compare favorably to high-level quantum-chemistry techniques but at considerably lower computational cost. Interaction energies in several model C-H/$\pi$ systems are in generally good agreement with coupled-cluster calculations, though equilibrium distances are consistently overpredicted when using the revPBE functional for exchange. The new functional correctly predicts changes in energy upon addition of halogen substituents.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Finanzas Empresariales: Analisis e Interpretacion de los Estados Financieros

Esta investigación documental describe los estados financieros como fuente de información, que se emiten de forma periódica, para la toma de decisiones eficientes, efectivas y oportunas de parte de los ejecutivos de las empresas. Estos son relevantes debido a que reflejan la situación del negocio, los progresos de la administración y los resultados obtenidos en términos monetarios. Los usuarios interesados en conocer el desempeño de la empresa, deben de analizar los informes financieros previamente ya que estos se exponen a factores exógenos que los limitan y que pueden influir en los datos que suministran. Estos documentos básicos son denominados como estado de situación financiera y estado de resultados. El primero expone la naturaleza de los recursos económicos de la empresa (activos), así como los derechos de los acreedores (pasivos) y de la participación de los dueños (patrimonio) en una fecha determinada. El segundo mide el desempeño operativo de la entidad al relacionar los ingresos generados con los gastos en que se incurre, en un periodo específico, para lograr los objetivos organizacionales. El análisis de los estados financieros básicos se puede definir como un proceso que comprende la recopilación, interpretación, comparación y evaluación de los datos operacionales del negocio, lográndose a través del cálculo horizontal y vertical de porcentajes y tasas. Estos resultados, además, se pueden obtener mediante la utilización de razones financieras, siendo primordiales: de liquidez (disponibilidad financiera para cumplir con sus obligaciones a corto plazo), de actividad (grado de eficiencia de la empresa en el uso de sus activos), de la deuda (monto del dinero de otras personas que se usa para generar utilidades) y de rentabilidad (capacidad de generar fondos en operaciones de corto plazo). Asimismo se utiliza el sistema Dupont para determinar el monto y procedencia del rendimiento sobre la inversión

RESTful Service Development for Resource-constrained Environments

International audienceThe use of resource-constrained devices, such as smartphones, PDAs, Tablet PCs, and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is spreading rapidly in the business community and our daily life. Accessing services from such devices is very common in ubiquitous environments, but mechanisms to describe, implement and distribute these services remain a major challenge. Web services have been characterized as an efficient and widely-adopted approach to overcome heterogeneity, while this technology is still heavyweight for resource-constrained devices. The emergence of REST architectural style as a lightweight and simple interaction model has encouraged researchers to study the feasibility of exploiting REST principles to design and integrate services hosted on devices with limited capabilities. In this chapter, we discuss the state-of-the-art in applying REST concepts to develop Web services for WSNs and smartphones as two representative resource-constrained platforms, and then we provide a comprehensive survey of existing solutions in this area. In this context, we report on the DIGIHOME platform, a home monitoring middleware solution, which enables efficient service integration in ubiquitous environments using REST architectural style. In particular, we target our reference platforms for homemonitoring systems, namelyWSNs and smartphones, and report our experiments in applying the concept of Component-Based Software Engineering (CBSE) in order to provide resource-efficient RESTful distribution of Web services for those platforms