The future of pension systems in europe: a reappraisal.

In this paper we examine and ultimately challenge the traditional viewpoint on the future of current pension systems in Europe, according to which the effects of the ageing bomb will inevitably bring down our unfunded PA YG public pension systems. First, we claim that the projected dramatic increase in the pension burden in mostly due to labour market problems and the generosity of the system, rather than to demographic factors. Secondly, we conclude that a fully funded system cannot be achieved without a substantial reduction in current pension payments unless it is financed by issuing earnmarked public debt. Finally we claim that a socially efficient pension system should be a mixed one, partly funded and partly PA VG, on the basis of optimal portfolio allocation in a context of uncertain returns to both human and physical capital and on the role ofPAYG for financing the accumulation of human capital.Pension systems; Funded and unfunded systems; Human and physical capital accumulation;

The future of pension systems in europe: a reappraisal

In this paper we examine and ultimately challenge the traditional viewpoint on the future of current pension systems in Europe, according to which the effects of the ageing bomb will inevitably bring down our unfunded PA YG public pension systems. First, we claim that the projected dramatic increase in the pension burden in mostly due to labour market problems and the generosity of the system, rather than to demographic factors. Secondly, we conclude that a fully funded system cannot be achieved without a substantial reduction in current pension payments unless it is financed by issuing earnmarked public debt. Finally we claim that a socially efficient pension system should be a mixed one, partly funded and partly PA VG, on the basis of optimal portfolio allocation in a context of uncertain returns to both human and physical capital and on the role ofPAYG for financing the accumulation of human capital

Isquemia aguda de miembros inferiores secundaria a ergortismo

Paciente de género femenino, de 21 años de edad, quien ingresó por dolor progresivo e intenso en miembros inferiores, y refirió antecedente reciente de ingestión de derivados del ergot. Al examen físico se observó ausencia de pulsos en ambos miembros inferiores. Por angiotomografia se documentó disminución severa, generalizada y bilateral, del calibre de los vasos arteriales de miembros inferiores. Se diagnosticó isquemia arterial aguda secundaria a ergotismo y se inició tratamiento con vasodilatadores y calcio-antagonistas, que resolvió los síntomas en su totalidad.21 years old female patient admitted for progressive and intense pain in lower limbs, that narrated a recent history of ergot ingestion. On physical examination there was absence of pulses in both lower limbs. Severe, generalized and bilateral decrease of caliber of arterial vessels of the lower limbs was documented by angiotomography. Acute arterial ischemia of lower limbs secondary to ergotism was diagnosed and treatment with vasodilators and calcium antagonists was initiated, resolving entirely the symptoms

Lesiones de la articulación tarso-metatarsiana

Se presentan 16 casos de fractura-luxación tarso-metatarsiana. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido la valoración de los resultados finales en este tipo de patología. La etiología del accidente ha sido en 6 ocasiones casual o deportiva, en 5 laboral, en 4 accidente de tráfico y 1 caída de un caballo. Las fractura-luxaciones han sido clasificadas según los criterios de Hardcastle, resultando 3 casos tipo A externo, 6 B externo, 6 B interno y 1 C total. El tratamiento realizado fue mayoritariamente reducción y osteosíntesis con agujas de Kirschner, predominando la reducción abierta. Se ha considerado parámetros radiográficos y clínicos, siguiendo los criterios del Baltimore Painful Foot Store para la valoración de resultados finales, obteniéndose 9 casos excelentes, 4 buenos, 2 reguladores y 1 malo. Se concluye que es fundamental el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoz, considerando básica la reducción anatómica estabilizada con agujas de Kirschner.We report 16 cases of tarsometatarsal fracture-dislocation. The purpose of this work was the assessment of the final outcome of these cases. The etiology was casual or sport injuries in 6 cases, industrial accidents in 5, traffic accidents in 4 and fall off a horse in 1 case. The injuries have been classified according to the Hasrdcastle modified classification, being 3 cases type A external, 6 B internqal and 1 C total. In most cases the treatment was open reduction and internal fixation with Kirschner wires. According to the guidelines of the Balitmore Painful Score for the evaluation of final outcome, there were 9 excellent results, 4 good, 2 fair and 1 poor. We conclude that the best results were obtained in those cases with early diagnose and treatment, looking for an anatomical reduction and fixation with Kirschner wires

Caracterización de los niveles de contaminación auditiva en Bogotá: Estudio piloto

El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar los niveles de contaminación auditiva en Bogotá.  Para esto, se seleccionaron ocho microambientes en cuatro zonas de la ciudad así como varios corredores viales, en donde se llevaron a cabo mediciones de presión sonora y filmaciones de las condiciones de tráfico de la vía adyacente.  Los niveles de ruido ambiental encontrados superaron en el 75 % de los casos los valores sugeridos por la norma nacional colombiana.  Éste fue el caso incluso para sectores tales como parques y hospitales.  Los resultados aquí reportados pueden ser utilizados para demostrar la importancia y complejidad del impacto que los vehículos tienen sobre los niveles de ruido en la ciudad

Dead time effect on the Brewer measurements: correction and estimated uncertainties

Brewer spectrophotometers are widely used instruments which perform spectral measurements of the direct, the scattered and the global solar UV irradiance. By processing these measurements a variety of secondary products can be derived such as the total columns of ozone (TOC), sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide and aerosol optical properties. Estimating and limiting the uncertainties of the final products is of critical importance. High-quality data have a lot of applications and can provide accurate estimations of trends

Social Network Analysis for an Innovation System Generated Starting from an Agent-Based Simulation Model

The following work presents the results obtained after a Social Network Analysis applied to an innovation system, with the particularity that the system is generated starting from an Agent-Based Simulation model. The main objective of this work is to show that the combination of both methodologies (Social Network Analysis and Agent-Based Simulation) could be successful to obtain new findings and contributes to understanding how the innovation systems conform and behave. The simulation allows to observe how the system emerges and study its behaviors, it shows how the innovation capabilities of the agents condition their relationship and how these relationships determine their adaptation, specialization, their survival over time and the evolution of the network itself. Subsequently, the Social Network Analysis allows to understand the relational structure of the system and how it affects its behavior, the analysis is applied in four moments of time which are separated from each other by five periods, and in each of them different network indicators are analyzed, both at the nodal level and the structural level. The constructed analysis serves as a tool for understanding and guidance to governments for the formulation of policies associated with regional and national innovation systems. Finally, it is shown how, from virtual micro-worlds, important information can be extracted about the dynamics of the innovation systems, thus opening the possibility of answering questions of the type What would happen if…

First Record of the Invasive Asian Fish Tapeworm \u3ci\u3eBothriocephalus acheilognathi\u3c/i\u3e in Honduras, Central America

This paper provides the first report of the invasive Asian fish tapeworm, Bothriocephalus acheilognathi Yamaguti, 1934, in Honduras. The cestode was found in Profundulus portillorum (Cyprinodontiformes: Profundulidae), which represents a new host record, and which is a member of a genus faced with a variety of conservation challenges, now potentially complicated by the presence of this pathogenic cestode. Nearly complete sequence data from the ITS-1 5.8S and ITS-2 regions corroborate the determination based on morphological characteristics. Several species of carp were introduced to Honduras for aquaculture purposes in the early 1980s and the presence of the Asian fish tapeworm in Honduras may be related to these introductions. In addition, this report documents the currently known geographical distribution of this parasite in Central America, first recorded from Panamá and now from Honduras

Attenuation filter issues in brewer ozone calculations

Presentación realizada en: 13th Biennial WMO-GAW Brewer Users Group Meeting, celebrada en Beijing (China) del 12 al 16 de septiembre de 2011