Plus citra: Destinos castellanos de la plata americana

In the 16th century Seville is not only the core of transatlantic trade but the primate city of the Castilian urban hierarchy. The analysis of the main receiving places for the American precious metal shows not only the connections, but also the rank and character of the major urban economies of the Crown of Castile. In addition to family and political ties, these shipments reveal a wide urban belt extended from the Gulf of Cadiz to that of Biscay. Another relevant aspect is the remarkable presence of converts involved in these traffics.Sevilla en el siglo XVI es no sólo el centro del comercio transatlántico sino la cabecera de la jerarquía urbana castellana. El análisis de las principales localidades receptoras del metal precioso llegado de Indias muestra no sólo las conexiones, sino también la posición y el carácter de las mayores economías urbanas de la Corona de Castilla. Además de los lazos familiares y políticos estos envíos revelan una vasta banda urbana que se extiende desde el Golfo de Cádiz al de Vizcaya. Otro aspecto relevante es la amplia presencia de conversos implicados en estos tráficos

The public works in 17thCastile: an onerous and unknown tax

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mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} </style> <![endif]--> <p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: ";StempelGaramond-Roman";,";sans-serif";;" lang="EN-US">The studies of the public works in Golden Age Spain were focused on its technical and artistic aspects, but not on its economic consequences. But the urban infrastructure maintenance and the building of bridges, what required frequently the contribution of thousand of places, were expensive. Its financing, what needed the authorization of Council of Castile, increased the oppressive taxation of the 17th century, and its management had its same nature of privatization, lack of control and fraud.</span></p

La revolución digital y la sociedad de la información

Index de les obres ressenyades: Guiomar SALVAT MARTINREY; Vicente SERRANO MARÍN, La revolución digital y la sociedad de la información. Zamora: Comunicación Social Ediciones y Publicaciones, 201

Artistas y producción artística en el Toledo de 1625

An enlistment made in Toledo in 1625 records the presence of about one hundred and fifty people who carry out artistic activities. This document also informs us of their residence in one of its parishes and usually of their approximate age. As men over 18 living in each house are listed, including officers, apprentices, or servants, this provides an approximate idea of the corresponding workshops. The high number of people carrying out artistic activities indicates that, in spite of the economic decline of the city, a great artistic production was still maintained.Un alistamiento ejecutado en Toledo en 1625 recoge la presencia de cerca de ciento cincuenta personas que realizan actividades artísticas. Este documento nos informa también de su residencia en alguna de sus parroquias y habitualmente de su edad aproximada. Como se relacionan los varones mayores de 18 años que viven en cada casa, incluidos oficiales, aprendices o criados, nos da una idea parcial del taller correspondiente. Este elevado número indica que pese a la decadencia económica de la ciudad se mantiene una amplia producción artística

Concejos contra cofradías: Sociabilidad y conflicto en el Cantábrico de mediados del siglo XVI

In the middle of the 16 th century the conflict between councils and seafaring guilds spread from one end of the Cantabrian coast to the other. The economic power gained from fishing and trade increased the influence of the heads of the brotherhoods who also sometimes appeared as leaders of part of the town or even of the commons. This was a challenge to the local autorithies so these confrontations were a form of struggle for hegemony.A mediados del siglo XVI el conflicto entre concejos y cofradías de mareantes se extendió de un extremo a otro de la costa del Cantábrico. &nbsp;El poder económico derivado de la pesca y del comercio acrecía el influjo de los responsables de estas cofradías que también aparecían a veces como dirigentes de parte de la villa o incluso del común de ella. Esto suponía un desafío a las autoridades locales por lo que estos enfrentamientos eran una forma de lucha por la hegemonía

Creating and Validating the DESEA Questionnaire for Men and Women

In clinical practice, it is essential to be able to identify hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD), with its different severity levels and assess the influence the subject's relationship has on the issue. In order to do this, questionnaires are needed that comprise appropriate psychometric properties. We analyzed the psychometric properties and factorial structure of the Sexual Desire and Aversion (DESEA) questionnaire that evaluates sexual desire and interpersonal stress (relationship problems) in male and female couples. A pilot study was conducted with a group of 1583 people. Finally, it included 20,424 Spanish speakers who answered the questionnaire via an online link. The requirements for factor analysis were verified followed by the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculated the reliability of the test scores at 0.834 in the pilot group and 0.889 in the final group. A 3-factor factorial design explains the 62.08% variance. The KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) test (p= 0.904), Bartlett's test of sphericity (126,115.3;p= 0.000010) and the matrix determinant (0.0020770) verified the appropriateness of the factor analysis. The results show that the DESEA questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for evaluating desire and interpersonal stress, both in women and men, in clinical and research contexts

Adaptation and psychometric study of the scale for the measurement of fear and anxiety of COVID-19 disease in pregnant women (AMICO_Pregnant)

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1225822/full#supplementary-materialObjective: The aim of this research was to adapt and explore the psychometric properties of a specific scale to assess the levels of fear and anxiety of COVID-19 disease in pregnant women. Methods: An adaptation phase, by a panel of experts, and a psychometric descriptive cross-sectional study were carried out on the final version of the 16- item, self-administered AMICO_Pregnant scale. Univariate and bivariate analyses were carried out, followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The consistency of the scale was assessed using the Omega coefficient and Cronbach’s Alpha. Results: With a sample of 1,013 pregnant women living in Spain and over 18 years of age, the mean age was 33 years. The scale showed a bifactor structure (anxiety and fear) that was confirmed with good fit parameters. Reliability was assessed in terms of internal consistency by calculating Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient (0.95) and McDonald’s Omega coefficient (0.94) as indicators of robustness of the scale’s reliability. Conclusion: The AMICO_Pregnant scale of 16 items with scores ranging from 1 to 10 is a valid and reliable tool to assess levels of anxiety and fear of COVID_19 in Spanish pregnant women. Pregnant women have shown moderate levels of anxiety and fear regarding the COVID_19 disease in the final phase of the pandemic