Genetic improvement of forest tree species

Brazilian forestry sector is considered one of the most developed in the world, being the base for important industrialsegments which use wood as raw material. Tree breeding has played an important role on improving the competitiveness ofBrazilian forestry-based companies, especially for its positive reflexes on increasing adaptation, forestry productivity and woodquality. In spite of the importance of other forest trees for the economy, such as Schizolobium, Araucaria, Populus and Hevea, themain genera under genetic improvement in the country are Eucalyptus, Pinus, Acacia and Tectona. They are used by industries likepulp and paper, siderurgy, tannin, chips for exportation and lumber, constituting an important source of revenues for the Brazilian’seconomy, besides their positive social and environmental impacts. This paper presents a generic approach to genetic improvementaspects of these four major genera currently undergoing breeding in Brazil

Produtividade de cultivares de tomateiro tipo longa-vida no sistema hidropônico "NFT"

Farmers are interested in hydroponic tomato cultivation because of the high demand of high quality products by the consumers. Three trials here carried out under greenhouse conditions in Marília, SP, Brazil, using the hydroponic nutrient film technique, in order to evaluate yield and quality of long-life salad tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) varieties, during 1998 and 1999. Four varieties (Carmen, Diva, Graziela, and Vita) were tested using a randomized block design, with six replications. The variety x crop season interaction effect was significant, meaning that varieties have distinct performances during the different cropping seasons. The Vita variety presented commercial valid yield, with mean fruit weights higher than the other varieties.Devido à expansão da demanda por produtos nobres e de alta qualidade pelos consumidores mais exigentes e de maior poder aquisitivo, o cultivo de tomateiro em sistema hidropônico tem despertado interesse de alguns produtores. Com o objetivo de avaliar a produção e qualidade de cultivares de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) longa vida do grupo salada, em ambiente protegido, no sistema hidropônico "NFT", foram conduzidos três experimentos em Marília - SP, no período de 1998/1999. Foram utilizadas quatro cultivares (Carmen, Diva, Graziela e Vita), no delineamento experimental blocos ao acaso, com seis repetições. O efeito da interação entre cultivares e épocas de plantio foi marcante, indicando que as cultivares não demonstraram um comportamento concordante nos três experimentos. 'Vita' foi estatisticamente superior às demais cultivares nas características produtividade comerciável e peso médio de frutos

Selection of experimental strawberry clones for fruit appearance attributes

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a caracterização morfológica de frutos de morango de diferentes genótipos, assim como verificar sua conservação pós-colheita. Seis cultivares comerciais (Albion, Aromas, Dover, Festival, Pircinque e San Andreas) e nove clones experimentais (MDA01, MDA19, MDA22, MDA23, MCA89, MCA94, MFA443, MOGSC468 e MFA443PR) foram avaliados. Os frutos foram produzidos em bancadas semi-hidropônicas, em cultivo protegido, e classificados quanto a tamanho, formato, coloração, brilho, posição do aquênio, coloração da polpa, coloração do “coração”, cavidade do fruto e posição das sépalas. Para a análise de pós-colheita dos frutos, foram determinadas a perda de massa e a aparência dos frutos durante dez dias de armazenamento. Os genótipos avaliados apresentam alta similaridade entre si quanto à caracterização morfológica. MCA89 e 'Pircinque' são os genótipos mais divergentes em relação aos demais. Há uma associação entre as características cavidade grande, formato reniforme e cavidade média, o que contribui para a seleção indireta dos caracteres desejáveis. No décimo dia de armazenamento, os genótipos MDA01, MDA19, MCA89, MFA443 e 'Dover' ainda apresentam condições aceitáveis para comercialização.The objective of this work was to carry out the morphological characterization of strawberry fruit of different genotypes, as well as to verify their postharvest conservation. Six commercial cultivars (Albion, Aromas, Dover, Festival, Pircinque, and San Andreas) and nine experimental clones (MDA01, MDA19, MDA22, MDA23, MCA89, MCA94, MFA443, MOGSC468, and MFA443PR) were evaluated. Fruit were produced on semi-hydroponic gutters in protected cultivation and classified according to size, shape, color, brightness, achene position, pulp color, “heart” color, fruit cavity, and sepal position. For the postharvest analysis of fruit, the loss of mass and the appearance of fruit during ten days of storage were determined. The evaluated genotypes show a high similarity to each other regarding morphological characterization. MCA89 and 'Pircinque' are the most divergent genotypes in relation to the others. There is an association between the characteristics large cavity, reniform shape, and medium cavity, which contributes to the indirect selection of desirable characters. On the tenth day of storage, the MDA01, MDA19, MCA89, MFA443, and 'Dover' genotypes still show acceptable conditions for commercialization.

Desempenho agronômico de alho infectado e de alho livre de vírus com diferentes tamanhos de bulbos e bulbilhos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and production of a garlic clone subjected to either infection or virus-free conditions, according to bulb and clove size classification. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. Treatments consisted of either virus-infected or virus-free cloves, obtained from bulbs of four size classes and from cloves with three sieve diameters. Vegetative characteristics and plant production were assessed. Plants infected by viral complexes showed reduction of emergence (8.4%), plant height (9.8%), and production of marketable bulbs (39.4%), as well as a lower average mass of bulbs and cloves. The virus-free clone produced more bulbs in classes 5 (42–47 mm), 6 (47–56 mm), and 7 (> 56 mm), besides having a lower influence on marketable quality standards as a function of garlic seed size variation. In the infected clone, bulbs from sieve 6 and cloves from sieve 1 (15×25 mm) produced bulbs with the highest market value. Virus-free garlic seed, with bulbs and cloves of medium and large size, produce bulbs of the highest market value, whereas, for the infected garlic, this is possible only with the larger garlic size.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produção de um clone de alho submetido a condições de infecção viral e livre de vírus, com base na classificação por tamanho de bulbos e bulbilhos. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de bulbilhos infectados com vírus ou não infectados, obtidos de bulbos de quatro classes de tamanho e de bulbilhos com três diâmetros de peneira. Avaliaram-se as características vegetativas e a produção das plantas. As plantas infectadas por complexos virais apresentaram redução na emergência (8,4%), na altura de planta (9,8%) e na produção comercial de bulbos (39,4%), além de menor massa média de bulbos e bulbilhos. O clone livre de vírus teve maior produção de bulbos nas classes 5 (42‒47 mm), 6 (47‒56 mm) e 7 (>56 mm), bem como menor influência no padrão comercial, em razão da variação do tamanho do alho-semente. No clone infectado, os bulbos de classe 6 e os bulbilhos de peneira 1 (15×25) produziram bulbos de maior valor comercial. O alho-semente livre de vírus e com bulbos e bulbilhos de tamanho médio e grande produz bulbos de maior valor comercial, enquanto, para o alho infectado, isto só é possível com o alho de maior tamanho

Em busca da identidade dos instrumentos musicais no Brasil: um estudo exploratório da literatura de cordel

Based on a collection of 2340 poems, the present article aims to explore the identity of musical instruments considered most popular by the printed Literatura de Cordel (Cordel Literature) in the countryside of Northeastern and Northern regions of Brazil, from the end of the 19th Century to present days. The Cordel Literature is known for representing the views of the social group from which it is originated rather than the creative work of its poets/writers. In search of musical instruments mentioned in the text, some of them were selected due to frequency and relevance of the context found: e.g. the Brazilian viola (a five course guitar), the violão (the six string guitar), the violin, the mandolin, the rabeca (Brazilian fiddle), the electric guitar and the piano. The violão and the Brazilian viola, which are similar in shape, are seen by that population in quite different ways. The fiddle is a popular instrument, but had only a few mentions. Other instruments like the violin, the mandolin, the piano and the electric guitar are described as urban instruments, thus less known in that context.O presente trabalho procura, em consulta a uma coleção de 2340 obras da Literatura de Cordel, explorar identidades culturais presentes nos instrumentos musicais aparentemente mais populares junto à população cultora de tal forma literária - sertão nordestino e parte da Região Norte do Brasil - desde o final do século XIX até o presente. Há no trabalho o pressuposto de que a Literatura de Cordel representa, muito mais que o trabalho criativo dos seus autores, as práticas vigentes no grupo social que a origina. Assim, à procura de menções a instrumentos musicais, este estudo detém-se em alguns deles, pela frequência e relevância da sua caracterização: viola caipira, violão, violino, bandolim, rabeca, guitarra elétrica e piano. Instrumentos aparentemente próximos como a viola e o violão são vistos de formas muito distintas pela população considerada. A rabeca, instrumento popular, poucas vezes é citada. Outros instrumentos, como violino, bandolim, piano e guitarra elétrica, são retratados como instrumentos urbanos e menos conhecidos

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear understanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5,6,7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8,9,10,11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world's most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepresented in biodiversity databases.13,14,15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may eliminate pieces of the Amazon's biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological communities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple organism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region's vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most neglected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lost