Anomalous bulk behaviour in the free parafermion Z(N)Z(N) spin chain

We demonstrate using direct numerical diagonalization and extrapolation methods that boundary conditions have a profound effect on the bulk properties of a simple $Z(N)$ model for $N \ge 3$ for which the model hamiltonian is non-hermitian. For $N=2$ the model reduces to the well known quantum Ising model in a transverse field. For open boundary conditions the $Z(N)$ model is known to be solved exactly in terms of free parafermions. Once the ends of the open chain are connected by considering the model on a ring, the bulk properties, including the ground-state energy per site, are seen to differ dramatically with increasing $N$. Other properties, such as the leading finite-size corrections to the ground-state energy, the mass gap exponent and the specific heat exponent, are also seen to be dependent on the boundary conditions. We speculate that this anomalous bulk behaviour is a topological effect.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures, minor change

A sequential quadratic programming algorithm using an incomplete solution of the subproblem

We analyze sequential quadratic programming (SQP) methods to solve nonlinear constrained optimization problems that are more flexible in their definition than standard SQP methods. The type of flexibility introduced is motivated by the necessity to deviate from the standard approach when solving large problems. Specifically we no longer require a minimizer of the QP subproblem to be determined or particular Lagrange multiplier estimates to be used. Our main focus is on an SQP algorithm that uses a particular augmented Lagrangian merit function. New results are derived for this algorithm under weaker conditions than previously assumed; in particular, it is not assumed that the iterates lie on a compact setThis research was supported by National Science Foundation grant DDMo9204208, Department of Energy grant DE-FG03-92ER25117, Office of Naval Research grant N00014-90-J-1242, and the Bank of SpainPublicad

Interacción de controles humanos y ambientales sobre la ecología y socio - economía de sistemas productivos semiáridos del Chaco y Espinal

El avance agrícola hacia regiones de mayor aridez crece en todo el mundo y particularmente en Sudamérica, generando cuestionamientos sobre su viabilidad productiva, sus costos ambientales y beneficios socio-económicos. Ante estos cuestionamientos surge la necesidad de comparar los principales sistemas agrícolas semiáridos y las alternativas predominantes de uso del territorio, considerando múltiples perspectivas que abarquen sucesivamente el plano ecológico, agronómico, económico y social. A escala de lote, compromisos biológicos entre la capacidad de tolerar la aridez y sostener altas productividades sugieren la existencia de rangos óptimos en gradientes de lluvia, en los que sucesivamente resultan ventajosos los cultivos anuales, las pasturas perennes y la vegetación natural. Se exploraron los resultados para los principales usos (forestal, ganadero y agrícola) y coberturas (bosque, pasturas C4, maíz, soja y trigo) del Chaco y Espinal semiárido (900 a 400 mm y 14 a 25 °C). El cultivo de maíz duplicó la producción de biomasa y alimento de las demás coberturas en todo el gradiente ambiental. Así, la elección del tipo de cultivo excedería el efecto del tipo de uso definiendo estos dos atributos ecológicos y agronómicos fundamentales. Menores costos de transporte y semilla o su transformación local revertirían su menor renta respecto a la soja, que actualmente prevalece por su mayor precio a pesar de su menor productividad. El rinde y la renta del uso forestal tradicional de la vegetación natural resultó extremadamente bajo, incluso maximizando la cosecha de madera y su precio, dificultando su conservación. Disminuir esta brecha demandaría mecanizar eficientemente usos alternativos compatibles con el bosque, como silvopastura o cosecha de bioenergía. Notablemente, no existió un nicho óptimo para cultivos en el extremo húmedo ni para pasturas en el árido, respecto a su adaptación, productividad e impacto ecológico. Por ende, maximizar la actividad fotosintética, transpiración y conservación de servicios del ecosistema, requeriría estrategias mixtas que combinen y alternen cultivos de renta con otros de cobertura y pasturas con especies leñosas. A escala regional, las complejas interacciones entre estrategias productivas y de distribución de recursos, sugieren una vinculación no lineal entre los factores sucesivos que contribuyen al bienestar humano. Se compararon dos fronteras agrícolas del Chaco semiárido, biofísicamente similares pero con desarrollos contrastantes (actores locales organizados vs inversores externos). El beneficio socio-económico del ahorro en transporte y agregado de valor mediante agroindustria local excedió el de maximizar el rinde o renta a escala de parcela, potenciando usos ecológicamente menos disruptivos. El rol clave de la capacidad de organización y gestión en el desarrollo cuestiona enfoques netamente agronómicos que no incorporan aspectos político-organizativos a los objetivos principales de intervención e investigación

Complexity and anisotropy in host morphology make populations safer against epidemic outbreaks

One of the challenges in epidemiology is to account for the complex morphological structure of hosts such as plant roots, crop fields, farms, cells, animal habitats and social networks, when the transmission of infection occurs between contiguous hosts. Morphological complexity brings an inherent heterogeneity in populations and affects the dynamics of pathogen spread in such systems. We have analysed the influence of realistically complex host morphology on the threshold for invasion and epidemic outbreak in an SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered) epidemiological model. We show that disorder expressed in the host morphology and anisotropy reduces the probability of epidemic outbreak and thus makes the system more resistant to epidemic outbreaks. We obtain general analytical estimates for minimally safe bounds for an invasion threshold and then illustrate their validity by considering an example of host data for branching hosts (salamander retinal ganglion cells). Several spatial arrangements of hosts with different degrees of heterogeneity have been considered in order to analyse separately the role of shape complexity and anisotropy in the host population. The estimates for invasion threshold are linked to morphological characteristics of the hosts that can be used for determining the threshold for invasion in practical applications.Comment: 21 pages, 8 figure

Crystallization and melting of bacteria colonies and Brownian Bugs

Motivated by the existence of remarkably ordered cluster arrays of bacteria colonies growing in Petri dishes and related problems, we study the spontaneous emergence of clustering and patterns in a simple nonequilibrium system: the individual-based interacting Brownian bug model. We map this discrete model into a continuous Langevin equation which is the starting point for our extensive numerical analyses. For the two-dimensional case we report on the spontaneous generation of localized clusters of activity as well as a melting/freezing transition from a disordered or isotropic phase to an ordered one characterized by hexagonal patterns. We study in detail the analogies and differences with the well-established Kosterlitz-Thouless-Halperin-Nelson-Young theory of equilibrium melting, as well as with another competing theory. For that, we study translational and orientational correlations and perform a careful defect analysis. We find a non standard one-stage, defect-mediated, transition whose nature is only partially elucidated.Comment: 13 Figures. 14 pages. Submitted to Phys. Rev.

Legumes display common and host-specific responses to the rhizobial cellulase CelC2 during primary symbiotic infection.

Primary infection of legumes by rhizobia involves the controlled localized enzymatic breakdown of cell walls at root hair tips. Previous studies determined the role of rhizobial CelC2 cellulase in different steps of the symbiotic interaction Rhizobium leguminosarum-Trifolium repens. Recent findings also showed that CelC2 influences early signalling events in the Ensifer meliloti-Medicago truncatula interaction. Here, we have monitored the root hair phenotypes of two legume plants, T. repens and M. sativa, upon inoculation with strains of their cognate and non-cognate rhizobial species, R. leguminosarum bv trifolii and E. meliloti, (over)expressing the CelC2 coding gene, celC. Regardless of the host, CelC2 specifically elicited ‘hole-on-the-tip’ events (Hot phenotype) in the root hair apex, consistent with the role of this endoglucanase in eroding the noncrystalline cellulose found in polarly growing cell walls. Overproduction of CelC2 also increased root hair tip redirections (RaT phenotype) events in both cognate and non-cognate hosts. Interestingly, heterologous celC expression also induced non-canonical alterations in ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) homeostasis at root hair tips of Trifolium and Medicago. These results suggest the concurrence of shared unspecific and host-related plant responses to CelC2 during early steps of symbiotic rhizobial infection. Our data thus identify CelC2 cellulase as an important determinant of events underlying early infection of the legume host by rhizobia