Educational attainment in the short and long term: was there an advantage to attending faith, private and selective schools for pupils in the 1980s?

This paper asks whether private, selective, and faith schools in England and Wales in the 1980s provided an academic advantage to their pupils, both in the short and longer term. Using longitudinal data from the 1970 British Cohort Study, we examine academic outcomes in compulsory schooling and further education, and the highest qualification gained by age 42. School sector differences are substantially attenuated by controlling for prior pupil characteristics. Nevertheless, a residual effect of private, grammar, and secondary modern schooling remains, both in the short and long term, controlling for both pupil and school characteristics. In the case of faith schools, however, the apparent advantage is restricted to the short term once pupil characteristics are controlled. A unique feature of our analysis is that we control for the individual’s faith of upbringing, which is important in reducing what could otherwise be seen as a distinctive Catholic school advantage

The Student Movement Volume 107 Issue 14: Week of Prayer, Wind Symphony, and Working at WAUS: Another Week at AU

HUMANS Andrews University Social Justice Club: Sara Santana, Interviewed by: Timmy Duado Honors Thesis Project: Alexander Hess, Interviewed by: Anna Pak Meet Reagan McCain of WAUS, Interviewed by: Nora Martin ARTS & ENTERTAINMENT Currently: MrBeast, Solana Campbell IN a World of Fascination: The Thematic Musicality of the AU Wind Symphony Concert, Bella Hamann Where Do I Find God - Part III, Anonymous NEWS Getting Unrealistic with Pastor Snell, Interviewed by: Gloria Oh New Recession Cracks Egg Economics Open, Andrew Francis What\u27s Happening in Peru?, Julia Randall IDEAS Facing the End of the World: What Apocalypse Stories Teach Us About Humanity, Isabella Koh I Knew You Were Trouble: On Ticketmaster\u27s Judiciary Hearing, Nora Martin Ron\u27s Gone Wrong: The Implications of the Stop W.O.K.E. Act, Bella Hamann PULSE Rutgers University Poet and Professor to Speak for Environmental Fridays, Desmond H. Murray Sex Education in the Adventist System, Zothile Sibanda Week of Prayer: Get Unrealistic, Amelia Stefanescu LAST WORD Knock Knock, Gio Leehttps://digitalcommons.andrews.edu/sm-107/1013/thumbnail.jp

Understanding sources of contrail cirrus radiative forcing uncertainty using a new diagnostic contrail scheme for the UK Earth System Model

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;Condensation trails (contrails) are aircraft-induced line-shaped high clouds, which may persist and grow to form contrail cirrus in ice supersaturated regions. Contrail cirrus is the largest known component of aviation radiative forcing, with a large uncertainty associated with troposphere water budgets and contrail radiative properties. In addition, due to the limited number of climate models able to simulate contrail cirrus, the uncertainty in the global contrail cirrus radiative forcing cannot be estimated statistically.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;The aim of this work is to implement a contrail cirrus parameterisation in the UK Earth System Model, therefore providing a new independent estimate of the contrail cirrus radiative forcing to be used in future assessments of aviation climate impacts. The new diagnostic scheme is based on the processes governing contrail formation (Schmidt-Appleman Criteria) and persistence (ice supersaturation). Persistent contrails are then added to the model cloud fields, where they interact with and evolve alongside natural clouds.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;We use ensemble runs of both nudged and free running model experiments to estimate the contrail cirrus cover and effective radiative forcing. Comparisons with a similar contrail scheme implemented in the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model (CAM) indicate the importance of the host climate model via (i) the host&amp;amp;#8217;s cloud microphysics scheme (e.g. single vs. double moment) and (ii) its ability to simulate realistic ice supersaturated regions. By providing a new independent assessment of the contrail cirrus radiative forcing, our work contributes to improving our understanding of aviation climate impacts and therefore potential mitigation strategies for current and future generation aircraft.&amp;amp;#160;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</jats:p

Implementing a process-based contrail parametrization in the Unified Model

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;amp;#160;&amp;amp;#160; The global aviation fleet modifies cloudiness through contrail formation and their subsequent competition with natural cirrus for ambient water vapor, along with enhanced ice-nuclei concentrations from aircraft soot emissions. Contrails form in the upper troposphere at temperatures below 233 K and pressures below 300 hPa, when plume gases from jet engines, having appreciable water vapor content, saturate with respect to liquid water (Schmidt-Appleman Criterion, SAC). Realistic assessments of the aviation-induced modifications to global cloud cover demand improved representation of contrails and their interaction with background cloudiness in climate models. We have implemented a process-based parametrization of contrail cirrus, that applies to both young (&amp;amp;#8804; 5 h) and aged contrails, in the UK Met Office Unified Model, version 12.0. Contrail cirrus is introduced as a new prognostic cloud class, forming in the parametrized, fractional ice supersaturated area which then undergoes advection, depositional growth, sublimation and sedimentation. The proxy for the fractional supersaturated area is calculated using the same total water PDF as used for natural cirrus but with a different critical relative humidity, r&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;cc&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; - a value at which part of the model grid box is at least ice-saturated. The persistence of contrails being allowed in the ice supersaturated areas, the simulated coverage is not confined to flight corridors, but is advected to air traffic free zones as well. The simulated annual mean global coverage due to young contrails is 0.13%, with the main traffic areas of Europe and North America having the maximum coverage. Similar to natural cirrus, the contrail ice particles reflect the solar short-wave (SW) radiation and trap outgoing long-wave (LW) radiation, thereby modifying the radiative balance of the Earth&amp;amp;#8217;s atmosphere. Contrail cirrus is radiatively active in the model with forcing studies enabled via a &amp;amp;#8216;double radiation call&amp;amp;#8217; approach, wherein parallel runs of the radiation scheme &amp;amp;#8216;with&amp;amp;#8217; (prognostic) and &amp;amp;#8216;without&amp;amp;#8217; (diagnostic) the contrail radiative effects isolates the contrail-induced perturbations. Contrails are seen to induce a short-wave cooling and long-wave warming and the net (SW+LW) direct top-of-atmosphere radiative forcing by young contrails amounts globally to 0.5 mWm&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;-2&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;, with the peak forcing seen along the main air traffic areas of North America, Europe and East Asia. The implementation of this process-based parametrization in the UM enables the simulation of the life cycle of persistent contrails, and can provide valuable insights to the aviation-induced modifications to the global cloud cover.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;</jats:p

SERO-prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among women attending routine Cervicare clinics in Ghana

Abstract Background Herpes simplex virus infection is a global health concern with disproportionately high burden in low and middle-income countries. There is a paucity of data on the prevalence of HSV infection in Ghana, which necessitated the present study. The aim of the study was to provide up-to-date data on sero-prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection among women attending Cervicare clinics in Ghana. Methods This was a cross-sectional study in which 380 women attending routine Cervicare clinics at Regional Hospitals in Kumasi and Accra, Ghana were enrolled into the study. Serum HSV-1 IgG and HSV-2 IgG were determined by ELISA method. The Chi-square test was used to investigate the association between sero-prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 and socio-demographic and behavioral factors using the Statistical Package for the Social Scientists (SPSS) version 22. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Results The overall HSV-1 and HSV-2 sero-prevalence estimates were 99.2% (95% CI: 98.0–100%) and 78.4% (95% CI: 74.5–81.8%) respectively. The study observed 78.2% cross-positive prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 among the studied participants. There was no association between the presence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection and age (χ2 = 2.351, p = 0.799 and χ2 = 1.655, p = 0.895 respectively). Our findings however, revealed association between the prevalence of HSV-2 and the age at coitarche (p = 0.021) as well as with number of sexual partners (p = 0.022). Conclusions The sero-prevalence estimates of HSV-1 and HSV-2 among the study population of women in Ghana were found to be high. This high prevalence could be attributed to high endemicity and inadequate intervention in this population. There is the need to raise awareness through organized public health screening and education to ensure control

Southern hemisphere forced millennial scale Indian summer monsoon variability during the late Pleistocene

Peninsular India hosts the initial rain-down of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) after which winds travel further east inwards into Asia. Stalagmite oxygen isotope composition from this region, such as those from Belum Cave, preserve the vital signals of the past ISM variability. These archives experience a single wet season with a single dominant moisture source annually. Here we present high-resolution delta O-18, delta C-13 and trace element (Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, Mn/Ca) time series from a Belum Cave stalagmite spanning glacial MIS-6 (from similar to 183 to similar to 175 kyr) and interglacial substages MIS-5c-5a (similar to 104 kyr to similar to 82 kyr). With most paleomonsoon reconstructions reporting coherent evolution of northern hemisphere summer insolation and ISM variability on orbital timescale, we focus on understanding the mechanisms behind millennial scale variability. Finding that the two are decoupled over millennial timescales, we address the role of the Southern Hemisphere processes in modulating monsoon strength as a part of the Hadley circulation. We identify several strong and weak episodes of ISM intensity during 104-82 kyr. Some of the weak episodes correspond to warming in the southern hemisphere associated with weak cross-equatorial winds. We show that during the MIS-5 substages, ISM strength gradually declined with millennial scale variability linked to Southern Hemisphere temperature changes which in turn modulate the strength of the Mascarene High.ISSN:2045-232

Additional file 1: of SERO-prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2 among women attending routine Cervicare clinics in Ghana

Questionnaire. (DOCX 19 kb

Implementation of the urban parameterization scheme to the Delhi model with an improved urban morphology

The current study highlights the importance of a detailed representation of urban processes in a numerical weather prediction model and emphasizes the need for accurate urban morphology data for improving the near-surface weather prediction over Delhi, a tropical Indian city. The Met Office Reading Urban Surface Exchange Scheme (MORUSES), a two-tile urban energy budget parameterization scheme, is introduced in a high resolution (330 m) model of Delhi. A new empirical relationship is established for the MORUSES scheme from the local urban morphology of Delhi. The performance is evaluated using both the newly developed empirical relationships (MORUSES-IND) and the existing empirical relationships for the MORUSES scheme (MORUSES-LON) against the default one-tile configuration (BEST-1t) for clear and foggy events and validations are performed against ground observations. MORUSES-IND exhibits a significant improvement in the diurnal evolution of the wind speed in terms of amplitude and phase, compared to the other two configurations. The screen temperature (Tscreen) simulations using MORUSES-IND reduce the warm bias, especially during the evening and night hours. The root-mean-square error of Tscreen is reduced up to 29 % using MORUSES-IND for both synoptic conditions. The diurnal cycle of surface energy fluxes is reproduced well using MORUSES-IND. The net longwave fluxes are underestimated in the model and biases are more significant during the foggy events partly due to the misrepresentation of fog. An urban cool island (UCI) effect is observed in the early morning hours during the clear sky conditions but it is not evident on foggy days. Compared to BEST-1t, MORUSES-IND represents the impact of urbanization more realistically which is reflected in the reduction of urban heat island and UCI in both synoptic conditions. Future works would improve the coupling between the urban surface energy budget and anthropogenic aerosols by introducing the MORUSES-IND in a chemistry aerosol framework model