What explains the rise in CEO pay in Germany? A Panel Data Analysis for 1977-2009

The compensation of executive board members in Germany has become a highly controversial topic since Vodafone's hostile takeover of Mannesmann in 2000 and it is again in the spotlight since the outbreak of the financial crisis of 2009. Based on unique panel data evidence of the 500 largest firms in Germany in the period 1977-2009 we test two prominent hypothesis in the literature on executive pay: the manager power hypothesis and the efficient pay hypothesis. We find support for the manager power hypothesis for Germany as executives tend to be rewarded when the sector is doing well rather than the firm they work for. We reject, however, the efficient pay hypothesis as CEO pay and the demand for managers increases in Germany in difficult times when the typical firm size shrinks. We find further that domestic and global competition for managers has contributed to the rise in executive pay in Germany. Lastly, we show that CEOs in the banking sector are provided with incentives for performance and that the great recession of 2009 acted as a disciplining devise on CEO pay in Germany

What Explains the Rise in CEO Pay in Germany? A Panel Data Analysis for 1977-2009

The compensation of executive board members in Germany has become a highly controversial topic since Vodafone's hostile takeover of Mannesmann in 2000 and it is again in the spotlight since the outbreak of the financial crisis of 2009. Based on unique panel data evidence of the 500 largest firms in Germany in the period 1977-2009 we test two prominent hypotheses in the literature on executive pay: the manager power hypothesis and the efficient pay hypothesis. We find support for the manager power hypothesis for Germany as executives tend to be rewarded when the sector is doing well rather than the firm they work for. We reject, however, the efficient pay hypothesis as CEO pay and the demand for managers increases in Germany in difficult times when the typical firm size shrinks. We find further that domestic and global competition for managers has contributed to the rise in executive pay in Germany. Lastly, we show that CEOs in the banking sector are provided with incentives for performance and that the great recession of 2009 acted as a disciplining devise on CEO pay in Germany

ethics communication and propaganda about energetic and environmental topics

This paper aims at disentangling and explaining the meaning of communication, which should not be confused with the mere transmission of information. The focus will be put on scientific and technological communication, mainly in the field of energetic and environmental topics. Communication is a profession practiced by speakers and writers working within the mass media (newspapers, television, internet, etc.), but other people are involved in communication issues, particularly when communication deals with scientific and technological topics. Scientists, technicians and professionals, and engineers in particular, have a great responsibility when participating in the spread of technical information, which should not be confused with propaganda, whose meaning is explained in the paper. The paper will be developed in two stages. Firstly, by offering a conceptual framework, it will be argued that communication, rightly understood, is a special kind of action that is characterized by an ethical commitment, which should permeate our daily life, in particular the professional experience. On the contrary, propaganda cannot constitute an authentic communicative context because it involves senders and receivers, and not interlocutors. Indeed, propaganda generally aims at influencing opinions, attitudes and actions of a specific target audience on the basis of senders' personal interest or ideological thinking. Secondly, practical examples will be provided in the scientific and technical fields, with particular attention given to energetic and environmental issues. In fact, this is a critical context, because people are generally not prepared to deeply understand this matter and can easily be manipulated. Some examples will show how a given reality can be partially presented or misrepresented when speaking about the concept of sustainability, the evaluation of health or safety risks, the assessment of the potentiality of renewable energy sources, the difference between energy sources and energy carriers, the interpretation of climate changes, or the ideological opposition to industrial initiatives

Integrated Environmental Study for Beach Management: A Methodological Approach

This paper aims to present a project convened by the University of Genoa and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei (FEEM), in collaboration with Local Authorities, concerning the development of tools for beach management in the Riviera del Beigua (Liguria Region, Italy). The aim of the first step of the project is to assess the environmental state of resort beaches examining them interdisciplinary, through a data analysis based on a sound understanding of the components of the physical and the human system. The following step will be the treatment of the data, through the use of various instruments, which use a synthesis analysis, such as the traditional SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis, and the use of a set of environmental and socio-economic indicators. Finally, our ultimate target is to propose guidelines, which will supply an instrument to back up policies concerning beach planning and management.Costal management, Sustainable tourist, Integrated assessment, Indicators

Gobierno electrónico y desarrollo sostenible en la Gerencia Sub Regional de Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas - 2021

La investigación tuvo como objetivo Determinar la relación entre el gobierno electrónico y el desarrollo sostenible en la Gerencia Sub Regional de Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas - 2021. La investigación fue tipo básica, diseño no experimental, transversal y descriptivo correlacional, cuya población y muestra fue de 66 trabajadores. La técnica fue la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario. Los resultados determinaron que: El nivel de gobierno electrónico es medio 47 %, bajo 32 % y alto 21 %.El nivel de desarrollo sostenible es bajo 50 %, medio 35 % y alto 15 %.Existe relación entre las dimensiones del gobierno electrónico y el desarrollo sostenible, ya que el coeficiente de Pearson fue de 0.975 (correlación positiva muy alta) con un p valor igual a 0,000 (p-valor ≤ 0.01). En conclusión: Si existe relación entre el gobierno electrónico y el desarrollo sostenible, el coeficiente de Pearson fue de 0, 968 (correlación positiva muy alta) y un p valor igual a 0,000 (p-valor ≤ 0.01); además, solo el 93.70 % del gobierno electrónico influye en el desarrollo sostenible

The Peach RGF/GLV Signaling Peptide pCTG134 Is Involved in a Regulatory Circuit That Sustains Auxin and Ethylene Actions

In vascular plants the cell-to-cell interactions coordinating morphogenetic and physiological processes are mediated, among others, by the action of hormones, among which also short mobile peptides were recognized to have roles as signals. Such peptide hormones (PHs) are involved in defense responses, shoot and root growth, meristem homeostasis, organ abscission, nutrient signaling, hormone crosstalk and other developmental processes and act as both short and long distant ligands. In this work, the function of CTG134, a peach gene encoding a ROOT GROWTH FACTOR/GOLVEN-like PH expressed in mesocarp at the onset of ripening, was investigated for its role in mediating an auxin-ethylene crosstalk. In peach fruit, where an auxin-ethylene crosstalk mechanism is necessary to support climacteric ethylene synthesis, CTG134 expression peaked before that of ACS1 and was induced by auxin and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatments, whereas it was minimally affected by ethylene. In addition, the promoter of CTG134 fused with the GUS reporter highlighted activity in plant parts in which the auxin-ethylene interplay is known to occur. Arabidopsis and tobacco plants overexpressing CTG134 showed abnormal root hair growth, similar to wild-type plants treated with a synthetic form of the sulfated peptide. Moreover, in tobacco, lateral root emergence and capsule size were also affected. In Arabidopsis overexpressing lines, molecular surveys demonstrated an impaired hormonal crosstalk, resulting in a re-modulated expression of a set of genes involved in both ethylene and auxin synthesis, transport and perception. These data support the role of pCTG134 as a mediator in an auxin-ethylene regulatory circuit and open the possibility to exploit this class of ligands for the rational design of new and environmental friendly agrochemicals able to cope with a rapidly changing environment

Gestión del talento humano y su influencia en el desempeño laboral de los colaboradores de TOTO DISTRIBUCIONES EIRL, Guadalupe, 2022

La investigación tuvo como intención conocer la gestión del talento humano y su influencia en el desempeño laboral de la distribuidora TOTO DISTRIBUCIONES EIRL, Guadalupe, 2022, su tipo de investigación fue básica, cuantitativa y su diseño de investigación no experimental, la población fueron 30 colaboradores, los mismos que se tomaron para la muestra luego de haber aplicado criterios de inclusión y exclusión, como técnica de recolección de datos se utilizó la encuesta y como instrumento el cuestionario (Google Forms). Se empleó el programa SPSS para procesar los datos, así mismo se utilizó la prueba de correlación de Rho de Spearman, dando como resultado una relación de Spearman positiva alta de (r=0,815) entre la variable Gestión del talento humano y el Desempeño laboral en los colaboradores de la distribuidora, siendo el valor de significancia de (p=0,000) menor al 5%. Es decir, aceptamos la hipótesis de investigación la Gestión del talento humano influye en el Desempeño laboral de los colaboradores de TOTO DISTRIBUCIONES E.I.R.L

Comparison of Tax-1 and Tax-2B post-translational modifications using specific lysine mutants in relation to activation of NF-κB and intracellular localization

ost-translational modifications of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Tax-1 and Tax-2 proteins have been shown to play a critical role in their cellular localization, transactivation and protein interactions. Five of ten lysine residues were found to be major targets for Tax-1 modifications: Lys189(K4); Lys197(K5), Lys263(K6), Lys280(K7) and Lys284(K8), are essential for ubiquitination, while sumoylation takes place on Lys280 (K7) and Lys284(K8). Tax-2 contains four additional lysine residues, namely at position Lys100(K2i), Lys149(K3i), Lys185(K3ii), and Lys356(K10i).Very few studies have been so far performed on Tax-2 lysine mutants. We have previously demonstrated that Tax-2B is ubiquitinated and sumoylated similarly to Tax-1. To identify the Tax-2 lysine residues which are directly involved in post-translational modifications, we have constructed a series of Tax-2B mutants with substitutions of lysine (K) residues by arginines (R) and analyzed them for NF-kB and CREB/ATF transactivation, intracellular distribution and extent of ubiquitination and sumoylation. We have found that Tax-2 K7-8R mutant, contrary to its Tax-1 homologue, is only partially affected in its capacity to transactivate NF-\u3baB pathway, is regularly sumoylated and presents formation of nuclear bodies by confocal analysis. However, Tax-2 mutants with extended (K3ii-8R) and/or total (K1-10iR) mutation rate were severely affected for NF-kB transactivation and sumoylation. By comparing Tax-2 WT with mutants K7-8R and K3ii-8R, we observed that the reduction of NF-\u3baB activity is correlated to a parallel decrease in sumoylation. These results suggest that the target for Tax-2 ubiquitination and sumoylation differs from that described for Tax-1

Real-world evidence of brexucabtagene autoleucel for the treatment of relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma

Treatment; Mantle cell lymphoma; RelapsedTractament; Limfoma de cèl·lules del mantell; RecaigudaTratamiento; Linfoma de células del manto; Recaíd