Restricciones de energía eléctrica en los primeros años del Franquismo. La Delegación Técnica Especial para la regulación y distribución de energía eléctrica (DTE) 1944-1958

La carencia de energía eléctrica, de carburantes líquidos y de materias primas, en general, supuso un freno para la reconstrucción industrial durante los años de posguerra. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar y estudiar el organismo regulador del consumo de energía eléctrica creado durante los primeros años del franquismo. Las delegaciones técnicas especiales para la regulación y distribución de energía eléctrica (DTE) se crearon en todo el territorio del Estado español y fueron los organismos encargados de ordenar, distribuir y regular el consumo eléctrico durante estos años.The lack of electric power, of liquid fuels and of raw materials in general, supposed a brake for the industrial reconstruction, during the post-war period. The aim of this work is to analyze and study the regulatory organisation for the consumption of electric power created during the first years of the Franco’s regime. The special technical delegations for the regulation and distribution of the electric power were created in all Spain, and they were the organisations entrusted to arrange the distribution and regulation of electricity during those years

Les xifres del càncer a Catalunya

Per primera vegada, una anàlisi quantitativa i global de la malaltia del càncer al Principa

La circumcisió masculina pot reduir el risc de contraure algunes malalties de transmissió sexual

Uns resultats sorprenents que ara ja gaudeixen d'evidència científica. Mitjançant un estudi multicèntric de més de 1000 dones amb les seves respectives parelles, es va aconseguir quantificar per primer cop la sospita que existia entre la comunitat científica: que la circumcisió masculina s'associa a un menor risc de virus del papiloma humà (VPH) al penis, i un risc menor de càncer de coll d'úter en la seva parella. A més a més, existeix també una forta evidència científica que mostra que aquesta senzilla intervenció quirúrgica redueix la infecció per VIH. Dades molt importants i que han donat suport a estudis observacionals i assajos clínics realitzats a l'Àfrica. De tota manera, els mecanismes que redueixen aquest risc d'infecció per VIH o VPH no es coneixen encara. Existeixen algunes hipòtesis. Per exemple, un possible mecanisme seria que amb l'eliminació del prepuci, s'estan eliminant també les cèl·lules receptores de la infecció, de manera que es redueix l'àrea d'exposició a la infecció. Tot i això, actualment l'Organització Mundial de la Salut (OMS) dóna suport a la introducció de la circumcisió masculina com una de les millors estratègies preventives en homes adults en països d'alt risc que no es poden permetre la implantació d'altres estratègies de prevenció del VIH, del VPH i altres malalties de transmissió sexual.Unos resultados sorprendentes que ahora ya gozan de evidencia científica. Mediante un estudio multicéntrico de más de 1000 mujeres con sus respectivas parejas, se logró cuantificar por primera vez la sospecha que existía entre la comunidad científica: que la circuncisión masculina se asocia a un menor riesgo de Virus del Papiloma Humano (VPH) en el pene, y un menor riesgo de cáncer de cuello de útero en su pareja. Además, existe también una fuerte evidencia científica que muestra que esta sencilla intervención quirúrgica reduce la infección por VIH. Datos muy importantes y que se han apoyado en estudios observacionales y ensayos clínicos realizados en África. De todos modos, los mecanismos que reducen este riesgo de infección por VIH o VPH no se conocen todavía. Existen algunas hipótesis. Por ejemplo, un posible mecanismo sería que con la eliminación del prepucio, se están eliminando también las células receptoras de la infección, de manera que se reduce el área de exposición a la infección. Sin embargo, actualmente la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) apoya la introducción de la circuncisión masculina como una de las mejores estrategias preventivas en hombres adultos en países de alto riesgo que no se pueden permitir la implantación de otras estrategias de prevención del VIH, del VPH y otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual

Restricciones de energía eléctrica en los primeros años del Franquismo. La Delegación Técnica Especial para la regulación y distribución de energía eléctrica (DTE) 1944-1958

The lack of electric power, of liquid fuels and of raw materials in general, supposed a brake for the industrial reconstruction, during the post-war period. The aim of this work is to analyze and study the regulatory organisation for the consumption of electric power created during the first years of the Franco’s regime. The special technical delegations for the regulation and distribution of the electric power were created in all Spain, and they were the organisations entrusted to arrange the distribution and regulation of electricity during those years.La carencia de energía eléctrica, de carburantes líquidos y de materias primas, en general, supuso un freno para la reconstrucción industrial durante los años de posguerra. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar y estudiar el organismo regulador del consumo de energía eléctrica creado durante los primeros años del franquismo. Las delegaciones técnicas especiales para la regulación y distribución de energía eléctrica (DTE) se crearon en todo el territorio del Estado español y fueron los organismos encargados de ordenar, distribuir y regular el consumo eléctrico durante estos años

Clozapine and haloperidol differently suppress the MK-801-increased glutamatergic and serotonergic transmission in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat

The administration of noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists such as phencyclidine and ketamine has been shown to increase the extracellular concentration of glutamate and serotonin (5-HT) in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). In the present work, we used in vivo microdialysis to examine the effects of the more potent noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801, on the efflux of glutamate and 5-HT in the mPFC, and whether the MK-801-induced changes in the cortical efflux of both transmitters could be blocked by clozapine and haloperidol given systemically or intra-mPFC. The systemic, but not the local administration of MK-801, induced an increased efflux of 5-HT and glutamate, which suggests that the NMDA receptors responsible for these effects are located outside the mPFC, possibly in GABAergic neurons that tonically inhibit glutamatergic inputs to the mPFC. The MK-801-induced increases of extracellular glutamate and 5-HT were dependent on nerve impulse and the activation of mPFC AMPA/kainate receptors as they were blocked by tetrodotoxin and NBQX, respectively. Clozapine and haloperidol blocked the MK-801-induced increase in glutamate, whereas only clozapine was able to block the increased efflux of 5-HT. The local effects of clozapine and haloperidol paralleled those observed after systemic administration, which emphasizes the relevance of the mPFC as a site of action of these antipsychotic drugs in offsetting the neurochemical effects of MK-801. The ability of clozapine to block excessive cortical 5-HT efflux elicited by MK-801 might be related to the superior efficacy of this drug in treating negative/cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science Grants SAF 2004-05525 and SAF 2003-04930 and by the Generalitat de Catalunya (SGR2005/00758 and SGR2005/00826). XL-G, ZB, and MA-B were recipients of predoctoral fellowships from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, and Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), respectively.Peer reviewe

HPV distribution in cervical cancer in Portugal. A retrospective study from 1928 to 2005

Objectives: To determine human papillomavirus (HPV) types in invasive cervical cancer in Portugal. Methods: Cases diagnosed at the Institute Portugues de Oncologia de Lisboa de Francisco Gentil from the year 1928 to 2005 were selected for HPV DNA detection and genotyping using SPF10/DEIA/LiPA25 system. Results: Of the 1214 samples that were considered appropriate for HPV detection, 714 (58.8%; 95% CI: 56.0-61.6%) were positive for HPV DNA. This detection rate varied being lower in the first 3 decades (31.3%; 50.1%; 46.5%) and higher in the last decades (77.4-95.1%). This difference was due probably to the fixative used in the first three decades. The five most common types identified among HPV positive cases were HPV16 (58.2%), HPV18 (9.2%), HPV33 (6.2%), HPV45 (4.7%) and HPV31 (4.4%). Multiple infections were detected in 2.8% of the cases. HPV16 and 18 accounted for 67.4% of infections. There were no statistically significant changes of these types over the studied period. An increase at patient's age at diagnosis was observed in the last decades (p < 0.001). Conclusion: HPV16 and 18 accounts for almost 70% of cervical cancers in all 9 decades studied and support data that effective vaccination against these 2 types will reduce the cervical burden in Portuguese women

Automated digital color restitution of mural paintings using minimal art historian input

Digital color restitution aims to digitally restore the original colors of a painting. Existing image editing applications can be used for this purpose, but they require a select-and-edit workflow and thus they do not scale well to large collections of paintings or different regions of the same painting. To address this issue, we propose an automated workflow that requires only a few representative source colors and associated target colors as input from art historians. The system then creates a control grid to model a deformation of the CIELAB color space. Such deformation can be applied to arbitrary images of the same painting. The proposed approach is suitable for restituting the color of images from a large photographic campaign, as well as for the textures of 3D reconstructions of a monument. We demonstrate the benefits of our method on a collection of mural paintings from a medieval monument.This work has been partially supported by projects PID2021-122136OB-C21 and PID2021-122136OB-C22 funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF A way of making Europe, by the EU Horizon 2020, JPICH Conservation, Protection and Use initiative (JPICH-0127) and the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (grant PCI2020-111979).Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

The canine Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome as a spontaneous animal model for the study of Alzheimer's disease

PòsterGene

Global estimates of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage by region and income level: a pooled analysis

Background: Since 2006, many countries have implemented publicly funded human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation programmes. However, global estimates of the extent and impact of vaccine coverage are still unavailable. We aimed to quantify worldwide cumulative coverage of publicly funded HPV immunisation programmes up to 2014, and the potential impact on future cervical cancer cases and deaths. Methods: Between Nov 1 and Dec 22, 2014, we systematically reviewed PubMed, Scopus, and official websites to identify HPV immunisation programmes worldwide, and retrieved age-specific HPV vaccination coverage rates up to October, 2014. To estimate the coverage and number of vaccinated women, retrieved coverage rates were converted into birth-cohort-specific rates, with an imputation algorithm to impute missing data, and applied to global population estimates and cervical cancer projections by country and income level. Findings: From June, 2006, to October, 2014, 64 countries nationally, four countries subnationally, and 12 overseas territories had implemented HPV immunisation programmes. An estimated 118 million women had been targeted through these programmes, but only 1% were from low-income or lower-middle-income countries. 47 million women (95% CI 39-55 million) received the full course of vaccine, representing a total population coverage of 1.4% (95% CI 1.1-1.6), and 59 million women (48-71 million) had received at least one dose, representing a total population coverage of 1.7% (1.4-2.1). In more developed regions, 33.6% (95% CI 25.9-41.7) of females aged 10-20 years received the full course of vaccine, compared with only 2.7% (1.8-3.6) of females in less developed regions. The impact of the vaccine will be higher in upper-middle-income countries (178 192 averted cases by age 75 years) than in high-income countries (165 033 averted cases), despite the lower number of vaccinated women (13.3 million vs 32.2 million). Interpretation Many women from high-income and upper-middle-income countries have been vaccinated against HPV. However, populations with the highest incidence and mortality of disease remain largely unprotected. Rapid roll-out of the vaccine in low-income and middle-income countries might be the only feasible way to narrow present inequalities in cervical cancer burden and prevention

Underscreened Women Remain Overrepresented In The Pool Of Cervical Cancer Cases In Spain: A Need To Rethink The Screening Interventions

Objective. Audit of women with invasive cervical cancer (CC) is critical for quality control within screening activities. We analysed the screening history in the 10 years preceding the study entry in women with and without CC during 2000-2011. Methods. 323 women with CC from six pathology departments in Catalonia (Spain) and 23,782 women with negative cytology were compared. Age, previous history of cytologies, and histological type and FIGO stage were collected from the pathology registries. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI95%). Results. History of cytology was registered in 26.2% of CC cases and in 78% of the control women (P < 0.0001) and its frequency decreased with increasing age. Compared to women with squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma cases were significantly more likely to have a cytology within the 3-year interval preceding cancer diagnosis (OR = 2.6 CI 95%: 1.2-5.6) and to have normal cytology results in previous screenings (OR = 2.4 CI 95%: 1.2-4.5). FIGO II-IV cases were more common among older women (older than 60 years). Conclusions. Absence of prior screening history was extremely common among CC cases compared to controls. Organized actions to reduce underscreened women and use of highly sensitive HPV-based tests could be important to reduce CC burden