33 research outputs found

    Model choice and optimal congestion

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    We study the choice of transportation modes within a city where commuters have heterogeneous preferences for a car. As in standard models of externalities, the market outcome never maximizes aggregate welfare. We show that in the presence of multiple equilibria problems of coordination can worsen this result. We discuss two policy tools: taxation and traffic separation (e.g. exclusive lanes for public transportation). Setting the optimal policy is a necessary but not sufficient condition to maximize aggregate welfare. Even with a social planner maximizing aggregate welfare, a city may find itself stuck in a situation where public transportation remains inefficient and the level of congestion high

    Synthesis of biolabile thioalkyl-protected phosphates from an easily accessible phosphotriester precursor

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    Robust methods for the synthesis of mixed phosphotriesters are essential to accelerate the development of novel phosphate-containing bioactive molecules. To enable efficient cellular uptake, phosphate groups are commonly masked with biolabile protecting groups, such as S-acyl-2-thioethyl (SATE) esters, that are removed once the molecule is inside the cell. Typically, bis-SATE-protected phosphates are synthesised through phosphoramidite chemistry. This approach, however, suffers from issues with hazardous reagents and can give unreliable yields, especially when applied to the synthesis of sugar-1-phosphate derivatives as tools for metabolic oligosaccharide engineering. Here, we report the development of an alternative approach that gives access to bis-SATE phosphotriesters in two steps from an easy to synthesise tri(2-bromoethyl)phosphotriester precursor. We demonstrate the viability of this strategy using glucose as a model substrate, onto which a bis-SATE-protected phosphate is introduced either at the anomeric position or at C6. We show compability with various protecting groups and further explore the scope and limitations of the methodology on different substrates, including N-acetylhexosamine and amino acid derivatives. The new approach facilitates the synthesis of bis-SATE-protected phosphoprobes and prodrugs and provides a platform that can boost further studies aimed at exploring the unique potential of sugar phosphates as research tools

    Etude de la débenzylation régiosélective en position 2 de 1-C-allyl iminosucres pour l'introduction de diversité moléculaire

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    Iminosugars constitute undoubtedly the most promising class of sugar analogues, their unique glycosidase and/or glycosyltransferase inhibition profile making them promising therapeutics. To generate more potent and selective inhibitors called C-glycoside iminosugars, introduction of a stable pseudoanomeric substituent is usually performed, the improved efficacy being attributed in part to the information brought by the aglycon moiety.The main challenge associated with this class of iminosugars C-glycosides is currently the design of efficient and general routes enabling introduction of structural diversity at a late stage from advanced synthons to accelerate the discovery of biologically relevant molecules. In this context, we have explored a strategy based on a regioselective debenzylation at C-2 and a stereocontrolled nucleophilic substitution assisted by the N-benzyl group. We have successfully applied this methodology on the C-allyl-1-deoxynojirimycin and extended it to several iminosugars in the piperidine and pyrrolidine series.The introduction of molecular diversity was performed from the C-allyl-1-deoxynojirimycin selectively O-debenzylated at position 2. We obtained several iminosugars in the D-gluco- and D-manno- series bearing various functionalities at position 2. This strategy allowed us to access a wide range of C-allyl iminosugars from one single synthon. We have also described the access to unknown bicyclic iminosugars starting from a C-allyl 2-keto iminosugar obtained by our regioselective debenzylative methodology.Parmi les analogues de sucres, les iminosucres constituent la classe la plus prometteuse au niveau biologique. En effet, leur structure, dans laquelle l'atome d'oxygène intracyclique est remplacé par un atome d'azote, leur confère des propriétés uniques d'inhibition de glycosidases et/ou glycosyltransférases, et en fait donc de très bons candidats thérapeutiques. L'introduction d'un substituant pseudo-anomérique carboné permet de mimer la partie aglycone du substrat de l'enzyme et d'accéder aux iminosucres C-glycosides, des composés chimiquement stables qui sont des inhibiteurs sélectifs et puissants des glycosidases.Afin d'accélérer la découverte de molécules d'intérêt thérapeutique, il est nécessaire de trouver des voies de synthèses conduisant à une plus grande diversité structurale. La méthodologie que nous avons mise au point est basée sur la débenzylation régiosélective de la position 2 de C-allyl glycosides exploitant une iodocyclisation. Cette dernière a été appliquée avec succès à la C-allyl-1-déoxynojirimycine puis étendue à plusieurs iminosucres de configurations variées en séries pipéridine et pyrrolidine.L'introduction de diversité moléculaire a été réalisée à partir de la C-allyl-1-déoxynojirimycine O-débenzylée régiosélectivement en position 2. Nous avons ainsi obtenu plusieurs iminosucres de configurations D-gluco- et D-manno- portant différentes fonctionnalités en position 2. La mise au point de cette synthèse a donc permis d'accéder à une grande variété de C-allyl iminosucres à partir d'un synthon unique. L'accès à des iminosucres bicycliques de structures inédites a également été possible en exploitant un C-allyl 2-céto iminosucre obtenu par notre méthodologie de débenzylation régiosélective

    Study of the regioseletive debenzylation at position 2 of C-allyl iminosugars for the introduction of molecular diversity

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    Parmi les analogues de sucres, les iminosucres constituent la classe la plus prometteuse au niveau biologique. En effet, leur structure, dans laquelle l'atome d'oxygène intracyclique est remplacé par un atome d'azote, leur confère des propriétés uniques d'inhibition de glycosidases et/ou glycosyltransférases, et en fait donc de très bons candidats thérapeutiques. L'introduction d'un substituant pseudo-anomérique carboné permet de mimer la partie aglycone du substrat de l'enzyme et d'accéder aux iminosucres C-glycosides, des composés chimiquement stables qui sont des inhibiteurs sélectifs et puissants des glycosidases.Afin d'accélérer la découverte de molécules d'intérêt thérapeutique, il est nécessaire de trouver des voies de synthèses conduisant à une plus grande diversité structurale. La méthodologie que nous avons mise au point est basée sur la débenzylation régiosélective de la position 2 de C-allyl glycosides exploitant une iodocyclisation. Cette dernière a été appliquée avec succès à la C-allyl-1-déoxynojirimycine puis étendue à plusieurs iminosucres de configurations variées en séries pipéridine et pyrrolidine.L'introduction de diversité moléculaire a été réalisée à partir de la C-allyl-1-déoxynojirimycine O-débenzylée régiosélectivement en position 2. Nous avons ainsi obtenu plusieurs iminosucres de configurations D-gluco- et D-manno- portant différentes fonctionnalités en position 2. La mise au point de cette synthèse a donc permis d'accéder à une grande variété de C-allyl iminosucres à partir d'un synthon unique. L'accès à des iminosucres bicycliques de structures inédites a également été possible en exploitant un C-allyl 2-céto iminosucre obtenu par notre méthodologie de débenzylation régiosélective.Iminosugars constitute undoubtedly the most promising class of sugar analogues, their unique glycosidase and/or glycosyltransferase inhibition profile making them promising therapeutics. To generate more potent and selective inhibitors called C-glycoside iminosugars, introduction of a stable pseudoanomeric substituent is usually performed, the improved efficacy being attributed in part to the information brought by the aglycon moiety.The main challenge associated with this class of iminosugars C-glycosides is currently the design of efficient and general routes enabling introduction of structural diversity at a late stage from advanced synthons to accelerate the discovery of biologically relevant molecules. In this context, we have explored a strategy based on a regioselective debenzylation at C-2 and a stereocontrolled nucleophilic substitution assisted by the N-benzyl group. We have successfully applied this methodology on the C-allyl-1-deoxynojirimycin and extended it to several iminosugars in the piperidine and pyrrolidine series.The introduction of molecular diversity was performed from the C-allyl-1-deoxynojirimycin selectively O-debenzylated at position 2. We obtained several iminosugars in the D-gluco- and D-manno- series bearing various functionalities at position 2. This strategy allowed us to access a wide range of C-allyl iminosugars from one single synthon. We have also described the access to unknown bicyclic iminosugars starting from a C-allyl 2-keto iminosugar obtained by our regioselective debenzylative methodology

    Modal choice and optimal congestion

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    We study the choice of transportation modes within a city where commuters have het- erogeneous preferences for a car. As in standard models of externalities, the market outcome never maximizes aggregate welfare. We show that in the presence of multiple equilibria prob- lems of coordination can worsen this result. Hence, a social planner focusing on the marginal impact of policies may miss the largest source of inefficiency. We discuss two policy tools: taxation and traffic separation (e.g. exclusive lanes for public transportation). Setting the optimal levels of taxation and of traffic separation constitutes a necessary but not a sufficient condition to reach the first best equilibrium. Comparing the relative efficiency of both poli- cies, we show that traffic separation should be preferred for large-scale policies while taxation better applies to marginal modifications of commuting patterns

    Lewis acid-catalysed nucleophilic opening of a bicyclic hemiaminal followed by ring contraction: Access to functionalized L-idonojirimycin derivatives

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    International audienceThe Lewis acid-catalyzed nucleophilic opening of a D-gluco-configured bicyclic hemiaminal has been examined.Several Lewis acids and silylated nucleophiles have been screened allowing the introduction of acetophenone,phosphonate or nitrile at the pseudoanomeric position in satisfactory yields and high 1,2 trans stereoselectivities.Their skeletal rearrangement triggered by the N-benzyl anchimeric assistance provided the corresponding L-idoconfiguredpiperidines displaying various functional groups at C-6 position in good yield
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