A convenient eco-friendly system for the synthesis of 5-sulfenyl tetrazole

The use of CeCl3·7H2O in polyethyleneglycol 400 (PEG-400), as an efficient and eco-friendly promoter system for the convenient synthesis of 5-sulfenyl tetrazoles derived from indoles and pyrroles, is reported. The synthesis entails the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of NaN3 with 3-thiocyanato indoles (including 3,3′-di-thiocyanato-1H,1H′,2,2′-biindoles) and 2-thiocyanato pyrroles. The thiocyanates were conveniently obtained by the oxone-mediated thiocyanation of differently substituted starting indoles, 1H,1H′,2,2′-biindoles and N-aryl pyrroles with NH4SCN. The scope and limitations of the transformation were also studied.Fil: Fortes, Margiani P.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; BrasilFil: Bassaco, Mariana M.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; BrasilFil: Kaufman, Teodoro Saul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Silveira, Claudio C.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; Brasi

Metal-free synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1H- and 1-aryl-1H-pyrazoles from 1,3-diyne-indole derivatives employing two successive hydroaminations

A robust and efficient atom-economic one-pot synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1H- and 1-aryl-1H-pyrazoles under base, acid and metal-free reaction conditions, is reported. The transformation conveniently takes place between 1,4-disubstituted 1,3-diynes and hydrazines in PEG-400 as an eco-friendly solvent, and involves two successive hydroaminations. The reaction was optimized for both, symmetric and non-symmetric 1,3-diyne-indole derivatives, as well as for hydrazine and substituted phenylhydrazines. The scope and limitations of the transformation were examined, observing that it is not sensitive to moisture or atmospheric oxygen, and that it tolerates a variety of functional groups. Even sterically hindered substrates afforded the expected pyrazoles in good to excellent yields, under mild conditions. A detailed reaction mechanism, which explains its regioselectivity, was also proposed.Fil: Bassaco, Mariana M.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; BrasilFil: Fortes, Margiani P.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; BrasilFil: Kaufman, Teodoro Saul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Silveira, Claudio. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; Brasi

Cytotoxic plant extracts towards insect cells: bioactivity and nanoencapsulation studies for application as biopesticides

The potential of plant extracts as bioinsecticides has been described as a promising field of agricultural development. In this work, the extracts of Punica granatum (pomegranate), Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed), Glandora prostrata (shrubby gromwell), Ulex europaeus (gorce), Tagetes patula (French marigold), Camellia japonica red (camellia), Ruta graveolens (rue or herb-of-grace) were obtained, purified, and their activity against Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells was investigated. From the pool of over twenty extracts obtained, comprising different polarities and vegetable materials, less polar samples were shown to be more toxic towards the insect cell line Sf9. Among these, a dichloromethane extract of R. graveolens was capable of causing a loss of viability of over 50%, exceeding the effect of the commercial insecticide chlorpyrifos. This extract elicited chromatin condensation and the fragmentation in treated cells. Nanoencapsulation assays of the cytotoxic plant extracts in soybean liposomes and chitosan nanostructures were carried out. The nanosystems exhibited sizes lower or around 200 nm, low polydispersity, and generally high encapsulation efficiencies. Release assays showed that chitosan nanoemulsions provide a fast and total extract release, while liposome-based systems are suitable for a more delayed release. These results represent a proof-of-concept for the future development of bioinsecticide nanoformulations based on the cytotoxic plant extracts.This research was funded by COMPETE 2020 program, co-financed by the FEDER and the European Union, PTDC/ASP-AGR/30154/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-030154). Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal), and FEDER-COMPETE-QREN-EU funded research centers CQ-UM(UIDB/00686/2020), CF-UM-UP (UIDB/04650/2020) and REQUIMTE (UIDB/50006/2020)

An Eco-friendly Synthesis of Novel 3,5-Disubstituted-1,2-isoxazoles in PEG-400, Employing the Et3N-Promoted Hydroamination of Symmetric and Unsymmetric 1,3-Diyne-indole Derivatives

A facile, efficient and atom-economic synthesis of 3,5-disubstituted 1,2-isoxazoles bearing indole moieties, is reported. The synthesis of these isoxazoles was carried out by the triethylamine-promoted reaction of symmetric and unsymmetric 1,3-diyne indole derivatives with hydroxylamine in PEG-400, as an eco-friendly solvent, under relatively mild conditions. The synthesis of the starting 1,3-diyne indole derivatives was performed by the aerobic self-coupling of diversely functionalized N-propargyl indoles and N-propargyl carbazole under copper catalysis, or by the reaction of the propargyl derivatives with phenyl- or p-tolyl-acetylene under combined nickel and copper catalysis. The isoxazolation reaction was optimized, its scope and limitations were studied and a detailed reaction mechanism was proposed.Fil: Bassaco, Mariana M.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; BrasilFil: Fortes, Margiani P.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; BrasilFil: Back, Davi F.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; BrasilFil: Kaufman, Teodoro Saul. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Rosario. Instituto de Química Rosario; ArgentinaFil: Silveira, Claudio C.. Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Departamento de Química; Brasi

Cultivation Systems of Microalgae for the Production of Biofuels

As reported in the study, the high-oil/ha-year productivity of microalgae has raised a lot of interest in their use as a source of raw materials for biofuels. However, the high costs of production and maintenance of closed culture systems (photobioreactor type) and the problems of contamination that lead to lower productivity of open systems (of the “open-pond” type) have become important limitations in evaluating the sustainability of producing biofuels from microalgae.In the view of the favorable prospects of employing microalgae as an economically viable source of raw materials for the production of biofuels, this chapter outlines the different ways microalgae are cultivated, the required nutritional conditions and the main procedures used for increasing their scale. Additionally, those more commonly used on a large scale are described and their advantages and disadvantages are pointed out. This analysis results in a proposal of a new type of photobioreactor, of the cylindrical container type, constructed of polyethylene, a non-transparent material that is cheaper and more durable than the ones that are commonly used (polycarbonate, glass or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)). Internal illumination of the photobioreactor is provided by a beam from plastic optical fibers that receive sunlight focused at the extremity of the beam

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (bodymass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Factors influencing terrestriality in primates of the Americas and Madagascar

Among mammals, the order Primates is exceptional in having a high taxonomic richness in which the taxa are arboreal, semiterrestrial, or terrestrial. Although habitual terrestriality is pervasive among the apes and African and Asian monkeys (catarrhines), it is largely absent among monkeys of the Americas (platyrrhines), as well as galagos, lemurs, and lorises (strepsirrhines), which are mostly arboreal. Numerous ecological drivers and species-specific factors are suggested to set the conditions for an evolutionary shift from arboreality to terrestriality, and current environmental conditions may provide analogous scenarios to those transitional periods. Therefore, we investigated predominantly arboreal, diurnal primate genera from the Americas and Madagascar that lack fully terrestrial taxa, to determine whether ecological drivers (habitat canopy cover, predation risk, maximum temperature, precipitation, primate species richness, human population density, and distance to roads) or species-specific traits (body mass, group size, and degree of frugivory) associate with increased terrestriality. We collated 150,961 observation hours across 2,227 months from 47 species at 20 sites in Madagascar and 48 sites in the Americas. Multiple factors were associated with ground use in these otherwise arboreal species, including increased temperature, a decrease in canopy cover, a dietary shift away from frugivory, and larger group size. These factors mostly explain intraspecific differences in terrestriality. As humanity modifies habitats and causes climate change, our results suggest that species already inhabiting hot, sparsely canopied sites, and exhibiting more generalized diets, are more likely to shift toward greater ground use

Preliminary cytotoxicity studies in AGS cell line of Tagete patula L., Cotoneaster horizontalis D. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. components

[Excerpt] The interest in plants as potential sources of bioactive molecules with application in different areas from cosmetics to pharmaceuticals, as well as from biopesticides to the food industry is increasing. Essential oils are of particularly relevance as insecticidal, fumigant, attractive and repellent activities against a broad spectrum of insects with some selectivity [1-4]. [...]This document was produced under PTDC/ASP-AGR/30154/2017 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER030154) of the COMPETE 2020 program, co-financed by the FEDER and the European Union. The authors acknowledge also to Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal), and FEDER-COMPETEQREN-EU for financial support to the research centres CQ/UM (UID/QUI/00686/2019) and CFUM (UID/FIS/04650/2019). The NMR spectrometer Bruker Avance III 400 is part of the National NMR Network and was purchased within the framework of the National Program for Scientific Re-equipment, contract REDE/1517/RMN/2005 with funds from POCI 2010 (FEDER) and FCT

Acompanhamento domiciliar de idoso de Unidade da Saúde da Família de Botucatu

INTRODUÇÃO: Um dos projetos desenvolvidos pelo Programa de Educação pelo Trabalho para a Saúde (PET-Saúde) da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - Unesp é voltado à atenção integral à saúde do idoso: Acompanhamento Domiciliar (ACO). OBJETIVOS: Realizar ACO em idosos de USF, mensurando o impacto de medidas, e descrever a percepção de acadêmicos quanto ao ACO. METODOLOGIA: A equipe era composta por um tutor, três preceptores e 12 acadêmicos. Cada aluno realizou o acompanhamento de um idoso, aplicando a Avaliação Geriátrica Ampla, com ênfase na capacidade funcional. Após cada visita, eram realizadas discussões e propostos planos terapêuticos intervencionais não medicamentosos. RESULTADOS: Avaliaram-se 15 idosos e foram acompanhados 12, com média etária de 84,3 (± 2,6) anos, sendo 75% do sexo feminino. Tinham dependência para AVD (atividades de vida diária) 67% e para AIVD (atividades instrumentais de vida diária) 85%. Durante o ACO, nenhum idoso necessitou de internação. Os acadêmicos relataram melhor compreensão do envelhecimento populacional e a adequação do ACO como forma de atenção à saúde dos idosos. CONCLUSÕES: As atividades permitiram o estabelecimento de vínculo entre a equipe. O interesse do acadêmico na atenção à saúde do idoso foi atingido. A metodologia facilitou o processo de integração ensino-serviço