Grasses and clovers : effect of ripeness on yield and composition

Caption title.Includes bibliographical references

Seeing the light – finding the poetic content of design objects

This paper presents the process and initial results of a research through design project attempting to understand the poetic qualities of design objects. This exploration forms part of a PhD study addressing design artefacts as poetic objects - objects that both embed and conjure memory, association and imagination. The research examines the ways in which design objects can be poetic and how designers actively and knowingly use objects to poetic effect. It is proposed that the poetic content of design artefacts can be located on a continuum ranging from the experiential - relating to how we perceive things - to the reflective and cultural. What unites these levels is the capacity of design objects to reveal and change our way of looking at things. The practice uses the design of lighting as a vehicle for exploring the poetic meaning of designed objects more generally. Starting with the notion that lights do more than provide light, the current phase of practice examines the ways in which luminaires can mediate how we perceive and experience light and explores, in particular, the more nuanced and ephemeral qualities of light that escape conscious attention

Description of a double traversing drilling and grooving machine

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Designing a Radio-Tuner-Thing; Transparency as Metaphor for our Experience of Objects and Things

The exhibited work explores how Thing Theory can be used in the design of interactive artefacts. In particular, it takes the metaphor of transparency used by Bill Brown to distinguish between objects and things as a creative stimulus. The resulting object allows the designers, and users, to explore nuances in how we might engage with objects as things and points to a rich conceptual framework that might enable new qualities of interaction

An eighth-century inscribed cross-slab in Dull, Perthshire

The discovery of a cross-inscribed slab with an inscription is described. Because of its importance it was decided to invite specialist comment on this piece of sculpture and to publish it in advance of the full report on the excavations. The form of the monument, its inscription and archaeological context are considered. The text appears to consist of a Gaelic personal name. The script is a form of geometrical lettering which can be dated to the opening quarter of the eighth century. The form of the cross has Columban associations which sit well with place-name and other evidence which points to Dull having been a monastery founded from Iona by c. AD 700

Structure and spacing of cellulose microfibrils in woody cell walls of dicots

The structure of cellulose microfibrils in situ in wood from the dicotyledonous (hardwood) species cherry and birch, and the vascular tissue from sunflower stems, was examined by wide-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (WAXS and WANS) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Deuteration of accessible cellulose chains followed by WANS showed that these chains were packed at similar spacings to crystalline cellulose, consistent with their inclusion in the microfibril dimensions and with a location at the surface of the microfibrils. Using the Scherrer equation and correcting for considerable lateral disorder, the microfibril dimensions of cherry, birch and sunflower microfibrils perpendicular to the [200] crystal plane were estimated as 3.0, 3.4 and 3.3 nm respectively. The lateral dimensions in other directions were more difficult to correct for disorder but appeared to be 3 nm or less. However for cherry and sunflower, the microfibril spacing estimated by SANS was about 4 nm and was insensitive to the presence of moisture. If the microfibril width was 3 nm as estimated by WAXS, the SANS spacing suggests that a non-cellulosic polymer segment might in places separate the aggregated cellulose microfibrils

Structure of cellulose microfibrils in primary cell-walls from collenchyma

In the primary walls of growing plant cells, the glucose polymer cellulose is assembled into long microfibrils a few nanometers in diameter. The rigidity and orientation of these microfibrils control cell expansion; therefore, cellulose synthesis is a key factor in the growth and morphogenesis of plants. Celery (Apium graveolens) collenchyma is a useful model system for the study of primary wall microfibril structure because its microfibrils are oriented with unusual uniformity, facilitating spectroscopic and diffraction experiments. Using a combination of x-ray and neutron scattering methods with vibrational and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we show that celery collenchyma microfibrils were 2.9 to 3.0 nm in mean diameter, with a most probable structure containing 24 chains in cross section, arranged in eight hydrogen-bonded sheets of three chains, with extensive disorder in lateral packing, conformation, and hydrogen bonding. A similar 18-chain structure, and 24-chain structures of different shape, fitted the data less well. Conformational disorder was largely restricted to the surface chains, but disorder in chain packing was not. That is, in position and orientation, the surface chains conformed to the disordered lattice constituting the core of each microfibril. There was evidence that adjacent microfibrils were noncovalently aggregated together over part of their length, suggesting that the need to disrupt these aggregates might be a constraining factor in growth and in the hydrolysis of cellulose for biofuel production

The Attributional Double Standard : Actor-Observer Differences in Predicting the Relationship Between Attitudes and Behaviors

It was hypothesized that subjects who took the role of interaction observers ration than actors would predict a closer relationship between attitudes and behaviors and would report greater confidence in behavioral predictions derivable from an actor\u27s attitude statements. One hundred sixty-eight subjects assumed the role of either actor or observer in scenarios of group interactions in which a central person made a statement about a particular attitude object. As predicted, subjects in the observer role reported that specific future behaviors (e.g., loaning money, helping to study for a test) had a greater likelihood of occurrence following an attitude statement (e.g., I like Pat ) than did subjects in the actor role, and observers were more confident than actors in these predictions. In addition, the favorability of the attitude statement was directly related to the strength of predictions, and the central person\u27s familiarity with the audience was directly related to confidence in predictions. Observers apparently view attitude statements as reliable indications of internal dispositions that serve as a potential cause of subsequent behaviors, while actors view attitude statements as tenuous orientations that can be modified in accord with future situational contingencies

An explanation for strongly underwound magnetic field in co‐rotating rarefaction regions and its relationship to footpoint motion on the the sun

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/94855/1/grl15835.pd

The Costs and Benefits of Induced Traffic on the Sydney Harbour Tunnel and Gore Hill Freeway

Statistical analyses have been performed on the effect of the opening of the Sydney Harbour Tunnel (SHT) and Gore Hill Freeway (GHF) on public transport patronage and vehicular usage. The effect of toll increases has also been analysed. Statistically significant estimates have been obtained for the induced traffic and the effects of toll increases and these estimates have provided data for a calculation of consumer surplus gained from the provision of the SHT and GHF. The estimate for consumer surplus has been compared with measured gains calculated from actual changes in travel times, traffic volumes and vehicular speeds after the SHT and GHF opened, and the two measures of benefits were found to be consistent with each other. When external costs of the induced traffic are taken into account, it is found that the benefits gained by the SHT and GHF are outweighed by the external costs in combination with the maintenance and capital costs. It is found that the costs of loss of public transport patronage and congestion costs of induced traffic are significant and cannot be neglected in economic evaluations of future roadworks