Sex-segregated university statistics. State of the matter. A comparative analysis of gender percentages in Spain´s Reales Academias, as a paradigmatic example of gender equality in culture.

Para poder analizar la igualdad real en la cultura es necesario conocer un punto de partida. Para poder aproximarnos a la cantidad de creadoras que existen, se ha considerado necesario analizar las estadísticas desagregadas por sexos de titulados/as en las especialidades humanísticas en el entorno de los años 82 – 86, considerando que es la generación que está en el momento de mayor capacidad creativa, en el entorno de los cincuenta años. De este modo se puede plantear si el Estado español está cumpliendo la legislación nacional e internacional a la que se ha comprometido. Así mismo presentamos un análisis de los porcentajes de mujeres y hombres en las Reales Academias, paradigma institucional de artes y ciencias.In order to analyze equality in culture, we need to have a starting point. Thus, to approach the number of existing female creators, it became necessary to analyze the gender-disaggregated statistics of liberal arts graduates from the years 1982-1986, considering that this is the generation that currently has the greatest creative capacity, being now around 50 years old. This way, it could be assessed if Spain is meeting the national and international legislations to which it is committed. At the same time, we’re presenting and analysis of female-male percentages in Spain’s Reales Academias, an institutional paradigm for the arts and sciences

La mujer como objeto de representación hasta principios del S.XX

Art history has been presented to us as an absolute truth that could not be modified nor questioned. In this article we focus on the use that mainstream Western art has made of the image of women. From the Venus steatopygian to the fetishism of the pre-Raphaelite painters or the art decó ladies, there is an use of the female body for the construction of the social imaginary on these images. The aim of this article is to outline how this use has been shifting throughout history in order to suit the interests of the dominant class thus facilitating the subjugation of women.La historia del arte se nos ha vendido como una verdad absoluta e imposible de modificar y cuestionar. En ese artículo se centra en la utilización de la imagen de la mujer que la historia del arte occidental dominante ha llevado a cabo a lo largo de veinte siglos, desde las venus esteatopigias al fetichismo de los prerrafaelitas o las mujeres art decó, hay una utilización de los cuerpos de las mujeres para construir el imaginario colectivo sobre estas imágenes. Este artículo aspira a plantear como esta utilización va moviéndose a lo largo de la historia para favorecer los intereses de la clase dominante y facilitar de esta manera el sometimiento de las mujeres

Carmen Perujo, a history of life Birth in the pre-war period and formation years of a plastic artista woman in the Spanish post-war period (1930 – 1951)

This article presents the contextualized biography of Carmen Perujo Guerrero, Spanish sculptor born in 1930, in Seville, from the moment of her birth until the end of artistic formation in the Santa Isabel de Hungría school in Sevilla. Left, for later articles, the years of personal maturity, in which she succeeds as a ceramic sculptor both economically and in the artist critics. It is analyzed from the gender studies perspective and from the life history methodology, including the sociopolitical circumstances that surrounded her from the moment of her birth, studies and first youth. Given the lack of female artists’ genealogy who created her work during the period of the dictatorship and the transition to democracy, this article enhances the work of this exceptional artist that received the echoes of the women of the first third of the century and knew how to overcome the role of household angel that was awarded to her, as for all women, by the regime and created a personal work that has served as a reference for the next generation

40 20th Century Spanish Sculptresses

This article presents a compilation of female artists who carried out their sculptural work during the twentieth century. With a brief presentation of each of them I want to implement visibility and the importance of incorporating their works to the collective imagery in order to be added to Spanish contemporary arts history. Some of them have public monuments of great popular recognition but their names have not been mentioned yet. Some others have “minor” works but they were relevant teachers to other artists. A few of them have extensive monographs about their life and their works. While others have almost gone unnoticed, but the proof of their professional career’s existence seems fundamental to us and they must be incorporated to history either through text books, university research works, ideally achieving a supported research project, to provide them the visibility their works and their vital trajectories deserve

Sperm characters of Timoniella imbutiforme (Digenea, Opisthorchioidea, Cryptogonimidae), a parasite of the European seabass Dicentrarchus labrax

Spermatological characteristics ofthe digenean Timoniella imbutiforme (Cryptogonimidae) collected from Dicentrarchus labrax (Teleostei: Serranidae) collected at the Gulf of Gabès in Chebba (Tunisia) were investigated for the first time by means of transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructural study reveals that the mature spermatozoon of T. imbutiforme is a filiform cell, tapered at both extremities. The sperm cell exhibits the characteristics of digenean spermatozoa type IV namely two axonemes of the 9 + '1' pattern of trepaxonematan Platyhelminthes, external ornamentation of the plasma membrane associated with cortical microtubules and located in the posterior part of the anterior region of the sperm cell, two bundles of parallel cortical microtubules, maximum number of cortical microtubules in the anterior part of the spermatozoon and presence of two mitochondria. The first mitochondrion of moniliform type is composed of a mitochondrial cord with joined mitochondrial bulges. In addition, the male gamete of T. imbutiforme shows spine-like bodies and a posterior extremity with only the second axoneme. The ultrastructural characters of the spermatozoon of T. imbutiforme are compared with those of other digeneans belonging to the superfamily Opisthorchioide

Trace element concentrations in Raillietina micracantha in comparison to its definitive host, the feral pigeon Columba livia in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Archipelago, Spain)

The use of systems involving bird parasites as bioindicators of environmental pollution has been scarcely studied in comparison to other models involving fish and rodent parasites, which have been demonstrated as particularly adequate due to their bioaccumulation capacities. The present study evaluated the accumulation of nine trace elements in the cestode Raillietina micracantha and in its host Columba livia collected from the densely populated city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Samples (kidney, liver, pectoral muscle, feathers, and R. micracantha) of 27 infected C. livia were selected for trace element analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Element levels in pigeon tissues revealed some degree of pollution in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, particularly by Pb and Zn. Pb and Mn mean concentrations were higher in R. micracantha than in the pigeon's soft tissues, with subsequent high bioaccumulation factors for Pb (kidney = 15.38, liver = 10.38, muscle = 79.83) and Mn (kidney = 6.81, liver = 7.52, muscle = 19.89, feathers = 6.11), among others. The negative relations detected for As concentrations between liver and R. micracantha emphasize a possible role of the cestode in As detoxification in host tissues. Considering the obtained bioaccumulation factors, the system R. micracantha/C. livia is proposed as another promising bioindicator system to evaluate environmental toxic element exposure, particularly Pb and Mn, in areas where pollution levels are still relatively low and where both common species are present.publishe

Report of Oslerus rostratus (Strongylida: Filaroididae) in cats from the Canary Islands, Spain

Metastrongylid species infecting wild and domestic cats worldwide are increasingly being reported. Between 2017 and 2019, a total of 202 faecal samples of domestic cats from the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) were analysed by microscopy and molecular techniques. Morphological analyses showed that 8.91% (18/202) of the faecal samples presented first stage larvae (L1) of metastrongylid species. Total DNA was isolated and tested by PCR targeting a 508 bp fragment of the ITS-2 gene. The nucleotide sequences obtained showed high homology (100%) with the species Oslerus rostratus. This work contributes to the knowledge of the wide distribution of O. rostratus worldwide, being Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain), close to the African continent, the new geographic location for this metastrongylid species. Further molecular studies involving new geographic areas from the island of Tenerife, as well as neighbouring islands, are needed to provide relevant insight and better understand the epidemiology of O. rostratus and other metastrongylid species in wild and domestic cats from the Canary Islands

Seroprevalence of Angiostrongylus cantonensis in Wild Rodents from the Canary Islands

Background: Angiostrongylus cantonensis is a lungworm of rats (Muridae) that is the causative agent of human cerebral angiostrongyliasis. The life cycle of A. cantonensis involves rats and mollusks as the definitive and intermediate hosts, respectively. This study was designed to increase the knowledge about the occurrence and distribution of A. cantonensis in its definitive host in the Canary Islands, using parasitological and serological analysis in different areas and age groups.Methodology/Principal Findings: Between 2009 and 2010, 54 black rats (Rattus rattus) from Tenerife were captured from six human-inhabited areas and sera samples were obtained. The lung nematodes were identified by morphological and molecular tools as A. cantonensis. The 31-kDa glycoprotein antigen was purified from A. cantonensis adult worms by electrophoresis and electroelution. Of the 54 tested rodents, 30 showed IgG antibodies against A. cantonensis 31-kDa antigen by ELISA. Therefore, the overall seroprevalence was 55.6% (95% CI: 42.4-68). Seroprevalent rodents were found in all the 6 areas. This 31-kDa antigen was not recognized by some sera of rats infected by other helminth species (but not A. cantonensis). Seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against A. cantonensis and prevalence based on the presence of adult worms showed significant correlation (R2 = 0.954, p,0.05). Conclusions/Significance: The present results could indicate a high prevalence of A. cantonensisin Tenerife and suggest the inclusion of two new zones in the distribution area of the parasite. The commonness and wide distribution of A. cantonensis in rats implies the presence of intermediate hosts, indicating that humans may be at risk of getting infected

Morphologic and genetic characterization of Pterygodermatites (Mesopectines) valladaresi n. sp. (Nematoda, Rictulariidae), a parasite of the mouse Mus musculus (Rodentia, Muridae) from the Canary Islands (Spain)

A new rictulariid nematode Pterygodermatites (Mesopectines) valladaresi n. sp., parasite of the house mouse Mus musculus (Rodentia: Muridae) in the Canary Islands (Spain) is described by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. The new species belongs to the subgenus Mesopectines characterized by a more or less dorsal orientation of the buccal capsule, the presence of three oesophageal teeth, the morphology of the oral denticles and the Spirurida type of arrangement of caudal papillae in males. The most discriminant characteristics between the new species and the existing species in the subgenus Mesopectines are (a) the number of cuticular projection pairs (62-64), (b) the size of right and left spicules (respectively, 62-90 µm and 123-139 µm), (c) the number of midventral fans in males (3-4), (d) the number of prevulvar/total cuticular projection pairs (38-42/63-71), (e) the posterior differentiation of combs into spines in relation to the position of the vulva and (f) the anterior position of the vulva in relation to the oesophagus-intestine junction in females. Parasitized hosts and geographical distribution are also useful criteria to distinguish P. (Me.) valladaresi n. sp. from the remaining species of the subgenus. In addition, the cox1 sequence of the new species is provided and compared with available data of related species. Keywords: Canary Islands; Muridae; Mus musculus; Pterygodermatites (Mesopectines) valladaresi n. sp.; Rictulariidae

Cadmium and lead concentrations in Moniliformis moniliformis (Acanthocephala) and Rodentolepis microstoma (Cestoda), and in their definitive hosts, Rattus rattus and Mus domesticus in El Hierro (Canary Archipelago, Spain)

Information on parasites of vertebrates living in terrestrial ecosystems as monitoring tools for heavy metal environmental pollution is scarce. The present study evaluates the potential suitability of the models Rattus rattus/Moniliformis moniliformisand Mus domesticus/Rodentolepis microstomaas promising bioindicator systems for cadmium and lead pollutions under natural conditions. The highest level of cadmium was found in one specimen of M.moniliformis (335.2 ng g-1 wet weight) and the average concentration of Cd in the acanthocephalan was significantly higher than values found in R.rattusliver and kidney tissues. The maximum concentration of lead occurred in one specimen of R.microstoma(567.4 ng g-1 wet weight) and the average concentration of Pb in the cestode was significantly higher than values found in M. domesticus liver, kidney and muscle tissues. The present results allow proposing both models as promising biomonitoring systems to evaluate environmental cadmium pollution (mainly R.rattus/M.moniliformis) and lead contamination (especially M.domesticus/R. microstoma) in terrestrial nonurban habitats.This study was supported by the Spanish projects CLG2009-07759/BOS and 2009-SGR-403. Authors wish to thank all personnel for their contribution to the development of this study. The methods used in this study comply with the current Spanish laws.publishe