The Use of the Terms Negro and Black to Include Persons of Native American Ancestry in Anglo North America

In 1854 the California State Supreme Court sought to bar all non-Caucasians from equal citizenship and civil rights. The court stated: The word Black may include all Negroes, but the term Negro does not include all Black persons . . . . We are of the opinion that the words White, Negro, Mulatto and Black person, whenever they occur in our constitution . . . must be taken in their generic sense . . . that the words Black person, in the 14th section must be taken as contra distinguished from White, and necessarily includes all races other than the Caucasian.[1] As convoluted as the quote may be, it tends to express a strong tendency in the history of the United States, toward creating two broad classes of people: white and non-white, citizen and non-citizen (or semi-citizen)

Fascism: A Review of Its History and Its Present Cultural Reality in the Americas

The Italians may have given us the word “fascismo,” but whether we use that word or the Spanish ”falangismo” or the German “National Socialism” (Naziism) we are talking about a form of social organization which has a complex history. Indeed, many persons wrongly believe that fascism as a political system first achieved state power in Italy in the 1920s. However, fascism in modern times first achieved independent (sovereign) power in the Americas -- in the Argentina of Juan Manuel de Rosas (1830s) and in the Confederate States of America (1860-1865)

Quantum localization issues in nonlinear frequency conversion and harmonic generation

Issues of a fundamental quantum origin exert a significant effect on the output mode structures in optically parametric processes. An assumption that each frequency conversion event occurs in an infinitesimal volume produces uncertainty in the output wave-vector, but a rigorous, photon-based theory can provide for a finite conversion volume. It identifies the electrodynamic mechanisms operating within the corresponding region of space and time, on an optical wavelength and cycle timescale. Based on quantum electrodynamics, this theory identifies specific material parameters that determine the extent and measure of delocalized frequency conversion, and its equations deliver information on the output mode structures. The results also indicate that a system of optimally sized nanoparticles can display a substantially enhanced efficiency of frequency conversion

From Host to Home: Reflections on Institutional Readiness

The creation of library residency programs, intended to diversify the library profession, has increased significantly over the last two years; for example, institutional membership in the ACRL Diversity Alliance grew from 36 to 53 from 20171 to 2019.2 As Dr. Alston notes in his research, “Diversity residency programs have become a popular way for academic libraries to demonstrate a commitment to diversity initiatives and to recruit and retain practitioners of color.”3 However, many host institutions and librarians rarely make significant efforts to deconstruct whiteness within themselves and at the organizational level. This chapter is a reflective case study of the University of Denver Libraries and its first Residency program intended to help other libraries view their organization’s readiness through the lens of racialized organizational theory. We posit that libraries are racialized organizations and must admit to and grapple with this reality. The authors will draw upon recent work in organizational studies, specifically, Victor Ray’s Theory of Racialized Organizations which can inform librarians as they consider beginning or continuing residency programs. We will analyze how certain aspects of libraries, at both the micro and macro level, need to be transformed to be conducive to successful residency programs. As researchers’ our beliefs, values systems, and moral stances are fundamentally present and inseparable from the research process. Therefore, it is our ethical duty to intentionally and mindfully make our readers’ aware of our racial identities and backgrounds to be fully transparent about how we have approached our experiences with diversity residencies within academic libraries through the following positionality statements

Comparative genomic analysis of novel Acinetobacter symbionts : A combined systems biology and genomics approach

Acknowledgements This work was supported by University of Delhi, Department of Science and Technology- Promotion of University Research and Scientific Excellence (DST-PURSE). V.G., S.H. and U.S. gratefully acknowledge the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), University Grant Commission (UGC) and Department of Biotechnology (DBT) for providing research fellowship.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A systematic review of barriers to early presentation and diagnosis with cancer among Black women

Objective: To explore barriers to early presentation and diagnosis with breast cancer among black women. Design: Systematic review. Methods: We searched multiple bibliographic databases (January 1991–February 2013) for primary research, published in English, conducted in developed countries and investigating barriers to early presentation and diagnosis with symptomatic breast cancer among black women (?18 years). Studies were excluded if they did not report separate findings by ethnic group or gender, only reported differences in time to presentation/diagnosis, or reported on interventions and barriers to cancer screening. We followed Cochrane and PRISMA guidance to identify relevant research. Findings were integrated through thematic synthesis. Designs of quantitative studies made meta-analysis impossible. Results: We identified 18 studies (6183 participants). Delay was multifactorial, individual and complex. Factors contributing to delay included: poor symptom and risk factor knowledge; fear of detecting breast abnormality; fear of cancer treatments; fear of partner abandonment; embarrassment disclosing symptoms to healthcare professionals; taboo and stigmatism. Presentation appears quicker following disclosure. Influence of fatalism and religiosity on delay is unclear from evidence in these studies. We compared older studies (?10 years) with newer ones (<10 years) to determine changes over time. In older studies, delaying factors included: inaccessibility of healthcare services; competing priorities and concerns about partner abandonment. Partner abandonment was studied in older studies but not in newer ones. Comparisons of healthy women and cancer populations revealed differences between how people perceive they would behave, and actually behave, on finding breast abnormality. Conclusions: Strategies to improve early presentation and diagnosis with breast cancer among black women need to address symptom recognition and interpretation of risk, as well as fears of the consequences of cancer. The review is limited by the paucity of studies conducted outside the USA and limited detail reported by published studies preventing comparison between ethnic groups

Entangled Bessel beams

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement is investigated in the Bessel-Gauss (BG) basis. Having a readily adjustable radial scale, BG modes provide a more favourable basis for OAM entanglement over Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) modes. The OAM bandwidth in terms of BG modes can be increased by selection of particular radial modes and leads to a flattening of the spectrum. The flattening of the spectrum allows for higher entanglement. We demonstrate increased entanglement in terms of BG modes by performing a Bell-type experiment and violating the appropriate Clauser Horne Shimony Holt (CHSH) inequality. In addition, we reconstruct the quantum state of BG modes entangled in high-dimensions.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figure

Early stopping of clinical trials

Early stopping of clinical trials in favour of a new treatment creates ethical and scientific difficulties, which are different from those associated with early stopping due to toxicity or futility. Two major breast cancer trials have recently taken such a decision, and the problem is relevant for several ongoing trials. Here we argue that such a decision should be taken with the utmost gravity and should be based on a clear overall clinical benefit for the new treatment, and not as an automatic response to crossing a predefined threshold. Predefined rules can be used to trigger a debate within the Independent Data Monitoring and Safety Committee (IDMC) about early stopping, but the IDMC should retain the responsibility of assessing overall clinical benefit in making its recommendation

Nonlocalized Generation of Correlated Photon Pairs in Degenerate Down-Conversion

The achievement of optimum conversion efficiency in conventional spontaneous parametric down- conversion requires consideration of quantum processes that entail multisite electrodynamic coupling, actively taking place within the conversion material. The physical mechanism, which operates through virtual photon propagation, provides for photon pairs to be emitted from spatially separated sites of photon interaction; occasionally pairs are produced in which each photon emerges from a different point in space. The extent of such nonlocalized generation is influenced by individual variations in both distance and phase correlation. Mathematical analysis of the global contributions from this mechanism provides a quantitative measure for a degree of positional uncertainty in the origin of down-converted emission