Adolescente em conflito com a lei e sua noção de regras no jogo de futsal

Adolescentes com trajetória de vida alicerçada na falta de valores éticos e morais estão mais vulneráveis à prática de atos infracionais. Caso isso ocorra, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente prevê sua inserção em medidas socioeducativas. Nossa pesquisa tem por objetivo identificar a fase do desenvolvimento moral de adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Para tanto, estudamos 30 adolescentes, entre 15 a 18 anos, do gênero masculino, inseridos em Centro de atendimento socioeducativo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação do jogo de futsal, que não contou com a figura do juiz e entrevista estruturada, seguindo-se as linhas gerais do Método Clínico de Piaget (1994). A categorização dos dados coletados confirmou nossa hipótese - de que esses adolescentes, ainda, se encontram com características de uma moral heteronõmica, verificadas pelas diferenças entre a consciência e a prática de regras na situação de jogo. Apesar de conhecerem as regras, durante a partida, somente as respeitam para obterem benefícios, como: não cobrar a falta, enganar o adversário ou, simplesmente, ganhar a partida. Presumimos que somente as respeitariam, caso houvesse a figura de autoridade (juiz), porque esta iria lhes impor punições e privações. Acreditamos, portanto, que os resultados deste estudo possam tornar-se parâmetros para educadores criarem situações propícias, tanto preventivas como interventivas, para o desenvolvimento sociomoral, minimizando, assim, sofrimentos e oportunizando a formação de cidadãos com maior senso ético e moral, capazes de optarem pelo caminho da solidariedade, da cooperação e da justiçaAdolescents with a course of life based on the lack of ethical and moral values are more vulnerable to the practice of infractions, and in this case the statute of the child and adolescent assumes their insertion on socio educative measures. The objective of this research is to identify the moral development phase in adolescents who are in conflict with the law. Thirty male adolescents between fifteen and eighteen years old, who are inserted on the socio educative care Center, were studied. Data were collected through futsal game observation, without the presence of a referee and structured interview, according to the general lines of the Clinical Method of Piaget (1994). The arrangement of the collected data confirmed our hypothesis - these adolescents are still with the characteristics of a heteronomical moral, confirmed by the differences between conscience and the practice of rules in a game situation. Although they know the rules, these are only respected in order to get some benefits, like not charging foul, deceive the opponent or simply win the match. It is presumed that the rules would only be respected in the presence of an authority (referee), because he would impose punishments and privations. However, it is believed that the results of this study may become a parameter to educators in order to create favorable situations which can be preventive and interventive to the socio moral development, minimizing suffering and seizing opportunities to the formation of citizens with higher ethical and moral standards, who are able to choose the way to the solidarity, cooperation and justic

Identification of Pyrus Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and Evaluation for Genetic Mapping in European Pear and Interspecific Pyrus Hybrids

We have used new generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers from three European pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars and subsequently developed a subset of 1096 pear SNPs into high throughput markers by combining them with the set of 7692 apple SNPs on the IRSC apple Infinium® II 8K array. We then evaluated this apple and pear Infinium® II 9K SNP array for large-scale genotyping in pear across several species, using both pear and apple SNPs. The segregating populations employed for array validation included a segregating population of European pear (‘Old Home’בLouise Bon Jersey’) and four interspecific breeding families derived from Asian (P. pyrifolia Nakai and P. bretschneideri Rehd.) and European pear pedigrees. In total, we mapped 857 polymorphic pear markers to construct the first SNP-based genetic maps for pear, comprising 78% of the total pear SNPs included in the array. In addition, 1031 SNP markers derived from apple (13% of the total apple SNPs included in the array) were polymorphic and were mapped in one or more of the pear populations. These results are the first to demonstrate SNP transferability across the genera Malus and Pyrus. Our construction of high density SNP-based and gene-based genetic maps in pear represents an important step towards the identification of chromosomal regions associated with a range of horticultural characters, such as pest and disease resistance, orchard yield and fruit quality

An expanded evaluation of protein function prediction methods shows an improvement in accuracy

Background: A major bottleneck in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of life is the assignment of function to proteins. While molecular experiments provide the most reliable annotation of proteins, their relatively low throughput and restricted purview have led to an increasing role for computational function prediction. However, assessing methods for protein function prediction and tracking progress in the field remain challenging. Results: We conducted the second critical assessment of functional annotation (CAFA), a timed challenge to assess computational methods that automatically assign protein function. We evaluated 126 methods from 56 research groups for their ability to predict biological functions using Gene Ontology and gene-disease associations using Human Phenotype Ontology on a set of 3681 proteins from 18 species. CAFA2 featured expanded analysis compared with CAFA1, with regards to data set size, variety, and assessment metrics. To review progress in the field, the analysis compared the best methods from CAFA1 to those of CAFA2. Conclusions: The top-performing methods in CAFA2 outperformed those from CAFA1. This increased accuracy can be attributed to a combination of the growing number of experimental annotations and improved methods for function prediction. The assessment also revealed that the definition of top-performing algorithms is ontology specific, that different performance metrics can be used to probe the nature of accurate predictions, and the relative diversity of predictions in the biological process and human phenotype ontologies. While there was methodological improvement between CAFA1 and CAFA2, the interpretation of results and usefulness of individual methods remain context-dependent. Keywords: Protein function prediction, Disease gene prioritizationpublishedVersio

An Expanded Evaluation of Protein Function Prediction Methods Shows an Improvement In Accuracy

Background: A major bottleneck in our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of life is the assignment of function to proteins. While molecular experiments provide the most reliable annotation of proteins, their relatively low throughput and restricted purview have led to an increasing role for computational function prediction. However, assessing methods for protein function prediction and tracking progress in the field remain challenging. Results: We conducted the second critical assessment of functional annotation (CAFA), a timed challenge to assess computational methods that automatically assign protein function. We evaluated 126 methods from 56 research groups for their ability to predict biological functions using Gene Ontology and gene-disease associations using Human Phenotype Ontology on a set of 3681 proteins from 18 species. CAFA2 featured expanded analysis compared with CAFA1, with regards to data set size, variety, and assessment metrics. To review progress in the field, the analysis compared the best methods from CAFA1 to those of CAFA2. Conclusions: The top-performing methods in CAFA2 outperformed those from CAFA1. This increased accuracy can be attributed to a combination of the growing number of experimental annotations and improved methods for function prediction. The assessment also revealed that the definition of top-performing algorithms is ontology specific, that different performance metrics can be used to probe the nature of accurate predictions, and the relative diversity of predictions in the biological process and human phenotype ontologies. While there was methodological improvement between CAFA1 and CAFA2, the interpretation of results and usefulness of individual methods remain context-dependent

The CAFA challenge reports improved protein function prediction and new functional annotations for hundreds of genes through experimental screens

BackgroundThe Critical Assessment of Functional Annotation (CAFA) is an ongoing, global, community-driven effort to evaluate and improve the computational annotation of protein function.ResultsHere, we report on the results of the third CAFA challenge, CAFA3, that featured an expanded analysis over the previous CAFA rounds, both in terms of volume of data analyzed and the types of analysis performed. In a novel and major new development, computational predictions and assessment goals drove some of the experimental assays, resulting in new functional annotations for more than 1000 genes. Specifically, we performed experimental whole-genome mutation screening in Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aureginosa genomes, which provided us with genome-wide experimental data for genes associated with biofilm formation and motility. We further performed targeted assays on selected genes in Drosophila melanogaster, which we suspected of being involved in long-term memory.ConclusionWe conclude that while predictions of the molecular function and biological process annotations have slightly improved over time, those of the cellular component have not. Term-centric prediction of experimental annotations remains equally challenging; although the performance of the top methods is significantly better than the expectations set by baseline methods in C. albicans and D. melanogaster, it leaves considerable room and need for improvement. Finally, we report that the CAFA community now involves a broad range of participants with expertise in bioinformatics, biological experimentation, biocuration, and bio-ontologies, working together to improve functional annotation, computational function prediction, and our ability to manage big data in the era of large experimental screens.</p

Comparison Of The Success Rates Of Four Anesthetic Solutions For Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block In Patients With Irreversible Pulpitis. A Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind Study

Introduction: This study compared the efficacy of four anesthetic solutions for inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) in patients with irreversible pulpitis. Material and Methods: This prospective, randomized, double-blind tudy included 60 adult volunteers. The patients were randomly divided into four groups of 15 and received conventional IANB as follows: Group ART - 2 cartridges of 4% articaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, Group LID - 2 cartridges of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine, Group PRI - 2 cartridges of 3% prilocaine with 0.03 IU felypressin; and Group MEP - 2 cartridges of 2% mepivacaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine. Access was begun 10 minutes after IANB, and patients were instructed to rate any pain felt during the endodontic procedure. The success of IANB was defined as access and instrumentation of root canals with no pain. If the patient felt any pain, the treatment was discontinued immediately and the anesthetic procedure was classified as unsuccessful. Results: The chi-square test was used to analyze results (α = 5%). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the efficacy of IANB between the ART (53.33%), PRI (46.66%), and MEP (53.33%) groups. However, the success rate in the LID group was statistically lower (20%) than in the other groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion: None of the anesthetic solutions had an acceptable success rate for IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis. The solution of 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine had the worst rate when compared to the other groups.132226Aggarwal, V., Singla, M., Kabi, D., Comparative evaluation of anesthetic efficacy of Gow-Gates mandibular conduction anesthesia, Vazirani-Akinosi technique, buccal-plus-lingual infiltrations, and conventional inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis (2010) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod., 109 (2), pp. 303-308Veering, B.T., Complications and local anaesthetic toxicity in regional anaesthesia (2003) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol., 16 (5), pp. 455-459Nusstein, J., Reader, A., Beck, F.M., Anesthetic efficacy of different volumes of lidocaine with epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks (2002) Gen Dent., 50 (4), pp. 372-375. , quiz 376-7Potocnik, I., Bajrovic, F., Failure of inferior alveolar nerve block in endodontics (1999) Endod Dent Traumatol., 15, pp. 247-251Levy, T., An assessment of the Gow-Gates mandibular block for third molar surgery (1981) J Am Dent Assoc, 103 (7), pp. 37-41Malamed, S.F., The Gow-Gates mandibular bloc. Evaluation after 4,275 cases. 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(2007) J Endod, 33 (4), pp. 403-405. , Epub 2007 Feb 20, AprCamarda, A.J., Hochman, M.N., Franco, L., Naseri, L., A prospective clinical patient study evaluating the effect of increasing anesthetic volume on inferior alveolar nerve block success rate (2007) Quintessence Int., 38 (8), pp. e521-e526Lai, T.N., Lin, C.P., Kok, S.H., Yang, P.J., Kuo, Y.S., Lan, W.H., Evaluation of mandibular block using a standardized method (2006) Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod., 102 (4), pp. 462-468. , Epub 2006 Jun 8Aggarwal, V., Singla, M., Kabi, D., Comparative evaluation of effect of preoperative oral medication of ibuprofen and ketorolac on anesthetic efficacy of inferior alveolar nerve block with lidocaine in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a prospective, double-blind, randomized clinical trial (2010) J Endod., 36 (3), pp. 375-378Oleson, M., Drum, M., Reader, A., Nusstein, J., Beck, M., Effect of preoperative ibuprofen on the success of the inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis (2010) J Endod., 36 (3), pp. 379-382Lindemann, M., Reader, A., Nusstein, J., Drum, M., Beck, M., Effect of sublingual triazolam on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis (2008) J Endod., 34 (10), pp. 1167-1170. , Epub 2008 Aug 23Bigby, J., Reader, A., Nusstein, J., Beck, M., Anesthetic efficacy of lidocaine/meperidine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks in patients with irreversible pulpitis (2007) J Endod., 33 (1), pp. 7-10Corbett, I.P., Kanaa, M.D., Whitworth, J.M., Meechan, J.G., Articaine infiltration for anesthesia of mandibular first molars (2008) J Endod., 34 (5), pp. 514-518Matthews, R., Drum, M., Reader, A., Nusstein, J., Beck, M., Articaine for supplemental buccal mandibular infiltration anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis when the inferior alveolar nerve block fails (2009) J Endod., 35 (3), pp. 343-346Nusstein, J., Clafey, E., Reader, A., Beck, M., Weaver, J., Anesthetic effectiveness of the supplemental intraligamentary injection, administered with a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system, in patients with irreversible pulpitis (2005) J Endod., 31, pp. 354-358Bigby, J., Reader, A., Nusstein, J., Beck, M., Weaver, J., Articaine for supplemental intraosseous anesthesia in patients with irreversible pulpitis. (2006) J Endod, 32 (11), pp. 1044-1047. , Epub 2006 Jul 2