Polymeric nanoparticles of Brazilian red propolis extract : preparation, characterization, antioxidant and leishmanicidal activity

The ever-increasing demand for natural products and biotechnology derived from bees and ultra-modernization of various analytical devices has facilitated the rational and planned development of biotechnology products with a focus on human health to treat chronic and neglected diseases. The aim of the present study was to prepare and characterize polymeric nanoparticles loaded with Brazilian red propolis extract and evaluate the cytotoxic activity of "multiple-constituent extract in co-delivery system" for antileishmanial therapies. The polymeric nanoparticles loaded with red propolis extract were prepared with a combination of poly-ε-caprolactone and pluronic using nanoprecipitation method and characterized by different analytical techniques, antioxidant and leishmanicidal assay. The red propolis nanoparticles in aqueous medium presented particle size (200–280 nm) in nanometric scale and zeta analysis (−20 to −26 mV) revealed stability of the nanoparticles without aggregation phenomenon during 1 month. After freeze-drying method using cryoprotectant (sodium starch glycolate), it was possible to observe particles with smooth and spherical shape and apparent size of 200 to 400 nm. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and thermal analysis revealed the encapsulation of the flavonoids from the red propolis extract into the polymeric matrix. Ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector (UPLC-DAD) identified the flavonoids liquiritigenin, pinobanksin, isoliquiritigenin, formononetin and biochanin A in ethanolic extract of propolis (EEP) and nanoparticles of red propolis extract (NRPE). The efficiency of encapsulation was determinate, and median values (75.0 %) were calculated using UPLC-DAD. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl method showed antioxidant activity to EEP and red propolis nanoparticles. Compared to negative control, EEP and NRPE exhibited leishmanicidal activity with an IC50 value of ≅38.0 μg/mL and 31.3 μg/mL, 47.2 μg/mL, 154.2μg/mL and 193.2 μg/mL for NRPE A1, NRPE A2, NRPE A3 and NRPE A4, respectively. Nanoparticles loaded with red propolis extract in co-delivery system and EEP presented cytotoxic activity on Leishmania (V.) braziliensis. Red propolis extract loaded in nanoparticles has shown to be potential candidates as intermediate products for preparation of various pharmaceutical dosage forms containing red propolis extract in the therapy against negligible diseases such as leishmaniasis

Compliance with the vaccination schedule in children hospitalized with pneumonia and associated factors

OBJETIVO: Verificar a adequação e os fatores associados ao cumprimento do esquema vacinal (BCG, DTP-Hib, SCR, VCP-10) em crianças internadas com pneumonia em um hospital de referência pediátrica no Nordeste do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, descritivo com componente analítico, composto por 452 crianças hospitalizadas por pneumonia no Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, entre 2010 e 2013. Critérios de inclusão: idade de um mês a menores de cinco anos; com comprovação do cartão vacinal. Critérios de exclusão: pneumonia hospitalar ou doença de base concomitante. Avaliamos a adequação do esquema vacinal da BCG, tetravalente, tríplice viral e pneumocócica conjugada 10 valente (VPC-10). Foram utilizados os testes qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher seguidos de regressão multivariada de Poisson, estimando-se as razões de prevalência brutas, ajustadas e os respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Participaram da análise multivariada as variáveis que na análise univariada apresentaram valor p < 0,20. RESULTADOS: Houve boa adequação no calendário vacinal, exceto a vacina VPC-10, que apresentou percentual inferior a 85%. Observou-se associação entre o adequado cumprimento do esquema vacinal e escolaridade materna (89,9% ensino médio completo), sexo da criança (87,2% feminino), idade da criança (94,2% menor que seis meses) e aleitamento materno (84,3% amamentaram). CONCLUSÕES: Pela elevada taxa na escolaridade materna e pelo elevado percentual de alimentação por leite materno, pode-se entender que há uma melhor compreensão no cuidado da saúde da criança pelas genitoras estudadas nesta pesquisa, apresentando a eficácia das políticas públicas de alimentação infantil. Porém, as crianças não tiveram uma boa adequação do esquema vacinal da VPC-10, uma das principais vacinas contra a pneumonia, podendo ser esse um dos principais fatores nas causas do internamento, não apresentando influência com a classificação da gravidade da doença. Enfatiza-se dessa maneira que as causas de morbidade por pneumonia não são associadas a um único fator.OBJECTIVE: To verify the adequacy and factors associated with compliance with the immunization schedule (BCG, DTP-Hib, MMR, PCV-10) in children hospitalized with pneumonia at a pediatric referral hospital in Northeast Brazil. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive study with an analytical component, with a sample of 452 children hospitalized with pneumonia at the Instituto de Medicina Integral Prof. Fernando Figueira, between 2010 and 2013. The inclusion criterion was children aged from one month to less than five years of age with proof in the immunization record. The exclusion criterion was the presence of hospital-acquired pneumonia or concomitant disease. We have evaluated the adequacy of the immunization schedule for the BCG, tetravalent, MMR, and 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate (PCV-10) vaccines. We used the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test followed by multivariate Poisson regression, estimating the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals. The variables with p < 0.20 in the univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS: There was good adequacy in the immunization schedule, except for PCV-10, which presented a percentage lower than 85%. We have observed an association between adequate compliance with the immunization schedule and education level of the mother (89.9% complete high school), sex of the child (87.2% female), age of the child (94.2% younger than six months), and breastfeeding (84.3% breastfed). CONCLUSIONS: Given the high rate of education level of the mother and the high percentage of breastfeeding, we can understand that there is a better understanding of the health of the child by the mothers studied in this study, showing the effectiveness of public policies for infant feeding. However, children did not have good adequacy of the immunization schedule of PCV-10, one of the main vaccines against pneumonia, which can be one of the main factors in the causes of hospitalization, with no influence on the classification of the severity of the disease. In this way, we emphasize that the causes of pneumonia morbidity are not associated with a single factor

Tuberculosis among HIV-1-infected subjects in a tertiary out-patient service in São Paulo city, Brazil

Atualmente, a tuberculose (TB) é considerada a doença infecciosa mais importante entre os pacientes infectados pelo HIV-1 nos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil. Análise retrospectiva dos casos de tuberculose ocorridos a partir de janeiro 1995 até dezembro de 2010 foi realizada em nossa coorte de 599 pacientes HIV positivos. O desfecho primário foi a ocorrência de TB ativa, e 41 casos da doença foram diagnosticados durante este período de 16 anos. As contagens médias do nadir de células T CD4 e ao momento do diagnóstico de TB foram de 146 e 217 células/mm³, respectivamente. A carga viral média de HIV foi de 5,19 log10 cópias/mL, e 59% dos pacientes estavam em tratamento com ART. A incidência de TB foi de 1,47 casos por 100 pessoas-ano, para um tempo total de seguimento da coorte de 2775 pessoas-ano. A probabilidade de sobreviver até 10 anos após o diagnóstico foi de 75% para pacientes com TB, em oposição a 96% para pacientes com outras doenças oportunistas não-TB (p = 0,03). A tuberculose pode ser considerada problema de saúde pública entre as pessoas que vivem com HIV no Brasil, apesar da ampla utilização de anti-retrovirais para o tratamento da infecção pelo HIV / AIDS.TB is currently considered to be the most important infectious disease among HIV-1-infected subjects in developing countries, such as Brazil. A retrospective analysis of TB cases was performed, occurring from January 1995 to December 2010 in our cohort of 599 HIV positive patients. The primary outcome was the occurrence of active TB. Forty-one TB cases were diagnosed over this period of 16 years, among 599 HIV positive patients in an open cohort setting in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. All-time lowest mean CD4 T cell count at the time of TB diagnosis was 146 and 186 cells/mm³, respectively. The mean HIV viral load was 5.19 log10 copies/mL, and 59% of the patients were on HAART. TB incidence was 1.47 per 100 person-years, for a total follow-up time of 2775 person-years. The probability of surviving up to 10 years after diagnosis was 75% for TB patients as opposed to 96% for patients with other, non-TB opportunistic diseases (p = 0.03). TB can be considered a public health problem among people living with HIV in Brazil despite of the widespread use of antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection/AIDS

Toxicidade sistêmica por anestesia local em odontologia: revisão de literatura

Introduction: Toxicity can be defined as the inherent capacity and potential of the toxic agent to cause harmful effects in living organisms. The toxic effect is generally proportional to the concentration of the toxic agent. In dentistry, cases of toxicities are often the result of overdose of local anesthetics, so the professional must avoid possible systemic toxicities. Objective: This study aims to conduct a literature review on the toxicity caused by local anesthetics used in dentistry. Materials and Methods: Searches were performed on the platforms PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE, LILACS, using the descriptors "Toxicity" AND "Local Anesthetics" AND "Dentistry" AND "Adverse Effects". The inclusion criteria were articles published between 2010 and 2021, in Portuguese and English, which were available in full for reading, presenting considerations on the relationship of the unregulated use of local anesthetics in systemic toxicity and its consequences, being studies of the case-control type, systematic review with or without meta-analysis, literature review and randomized clinical trials. Discussion: After analyzing the literature, we found that systemic toxicity caused by dental local anesthetics tends to be a not so common complication, but it is dangerously fatal mainly because dental surgeons are not prepared to intervene in cases of toxicity, so the idea behind The purpose of publishing subjects like this is to prepare and alert dentists to the early treatment and prevention of cases in the dental office. Conclusion: We conclude that the professional must know the basic anatomy, choose the local anesthetic correctly, and carry out a very detailed anamnesis to avoid accidents.Introducción: La toxicidad se puede definir como la capacidad inherente y el potencial del agente tóxico para causar efectos nocivos en los organismos vivos. El efecto tóxico es generalmente proporcional a la concentración del agente tóxico. En odontología, los casos de toxicidades suelen ser el resultado de una sobredosis de anestésicos locales, por lo que el profesional debe evitar posibles toxicidades sistémicas. Objetivos: Este estudio tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre la toxicidad causada por los anestésicos locales utilizados en odontología. Materiales y Métodos: Las búsquedas se realizaron en las plataformas PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE, LILACS, utilizando los descriptores "Toxicidad" Y "Anestésicos locales" Y "Odontología" Y "Efectos adversos". Los criterios de inclusión fueron artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2021, en portugués e inglés, los cuales estuvieron disponibles en su totalidad para lectura, presentando consideraciones sobre la relación del uso no regulado de anestésicos locales en la toxicidad sistémica y sus consecuencias, siendo estudios de casos y controles. tipo, revisión sistemática con o sin metanálisis, revisión de la literatura y ensayos clínicos aleatorizados. Discusión: Después de analizar la literatura, encontramos que la toxicidad sistémica causada por los anestésicos locales dentales tiende a ser una complicación no tan común, pero es peligrosamente fatal principalmente porque los cirujanos dentales no están preparados para intervenir en casos de toxicidad, por lo que la idea detrás de The El propósito de publicar temas como este es preparar y alertar a los dentistas sobre el tratamiento temprano y la prevención de casos en el consultorio odontológico. Conclusión: Concluimos que el profesional debe conocer la anatomía básica, elegir correctamente el anestésico local y realizar una anamnesis muy detallada para evitar accidentes.Introdução: Toxicidade pode ser definida como a capacidade inerente e potencial do agente tóxico de provocar efeitos nocivos em organismos vivos. O efeito tóxico é geralmente proporcional à concentração do agente tóxico. Na odontologia casos de toxicidades são frequentemente resultado da superdosagem de anestésicos locais, logo o profissional deve evitar possíveis toxicidades sistêmicas. Objetivos: O presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca da toxicidade causada pelos anestésicos locais utilizados em odontologia.Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada buscas nas plataformas PubMed, SciELO, MEDLINE, LILACS, utilizando os descritores “Toxicidade”AND “Anestésicos Locais”AND“Odontologia” AND“Efeitos Adversos”.Os critérios de inclusão foram artigos publicados entre o período de 2010 a 2021, nos idiomas português e inglês, que estivessem disponíveis na íntegra para leitura, apresentando considerações sobre a relação do uso desregulado de anestésico local na toxicidade sistêmica e suas consequências, sendo estudos do tipo caso controle, revisão sistemática com ou sem metanálise, revisão de literatura e estudos clínicos randomizados. Discussão: Após analisarmos a literatura verificamos que a toxicidade sistêmica causada por anestésicos locais odontológicos tende a ser uma complicação não tão comum, mas é perigosamente fatal principalmente pelo fato dos cirurgiões dentistas não estarem preparados para intervir em casos de toxicidade, então a idéia por trás da publicação de assuntos como esse é preparar e alertar cirurgiões dentistas para o tratamento precoce e prevenção de casos em consultório odontológico. Conclusão: Concluímos que o profissional deve conhecer a anatomia básica, escolher o anestésico local corretamente, além de realizar uma anamnese bastante detalhada para evitar acidentes

Probing the reciprocal lattice associated with a triangular slit to determine the orbital angular momentum for a photon

The orbital angular momentum conservation of light reveals different diffraction patterns univocally dependent on the topological charge of the incident light beam when passing through a triangular aperture. It is demonstrated that these patterns, which are accessed by observing the far-field measurement of the diffracted light, can also be obtained using few photon sources. In order to explain the observed patterns, we introduce an analogy of this optical phenomenon with the study of diffraction for the characterization of the crystal structure of solids. We demonstrate that the finite pattern can be associated with the reciprocal lattice obtained from the direct lattice generated by the primitive vectors composing any two of the sides of the equilateral triangular slit responsible for the diffraction. Using the relation that exists between the direct and reciprocal lattices, we provide a conclusive explanation as to why the diffraction pattern of the main maxima is finite. This can shed a new light on the investigation of crystallographic systems

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

HIV Infection and Oral Manifestations: An Update

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes a complete depletion of the immune system; it has been a major health issue around the world since the 1980s, and due to the reduction of CD4+ T lymphocytes levels, it can trigger various opportunistic infections. Oral lesions are usually accurate indicators of immunosuppression because these oral manifestations may occur as a result of the compromised immune system caused by HIV infection; therefore, oral lesions might be initial and common clinical features in people living with HIV. So, it is necessary to evaluate and understand the mechanism, prevalence, and risk factors of oral lesions to avoid the increase morbidity among those with oral diseases

Determinants of intensive insulin therapeutic regimens in patients with type 1 diabetes: data from a nationwide multicenter survey in Brazil

Background: To evaluate the determinants of intensive insulin regimens (ITs) in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D).Methods: This multicenter study was conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. Data were obtained from 3,591 patients (56.0% female, 57.1% Caucasian). Insulin regimens were classified as follows: group 1, conventional therapy (CT) (intermediate human insulin, one to two injections daily); group 2 (three or more insulin injections of intermediate plus regular human insulin); group 3 (three or more insulin injections of intermediate human insulin plus short-acting insulin analogues); group 4, basal-bolus (one or two insulin injections of long-acting plus short-acting insulin analogues or regular insulin); and group 5, basal-bolus with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). Groups 2 to 5 were considered IT groups.Results: We obtained complete data from 2,961 patients. Combined intermediate plus regular human insulin was the most used therapeutic regimen. CSII was used by 37 (1.2%) patients and IT by 2,669 (90.2%) patients. More patients on IT performed self-monitoring of blood glucose and were treated at the tertiary care level compared to CT patients (p < 0.001). the majority of patients from all groups had HbA1c levels above the target. Overweight or obesity was not associated with insulin regimen. Logistic regression analysis showed that economic status, age, ethnicity, and level of care were associated with IT (p < 0.001).Conclusions: Given the prevalence of intensive treatment for T1D in Brazil, more effective therapeutic strategies are needed for long term-health benefits.Farmanguinhos/Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz/National Health MinistryBrazilian Diabetes SocietyFundacao do Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Univ Estado Rio de Janeiro, Unit Diabet, BR-20551030 Rio de Janeiro, BrazilBaurus Diabet Assoc, São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo State, Diabet Unit, São Paulo, BrazilFed Univ Hosp Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, BrazilUniv Hosp São Paulo, Diabet Unit, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniv Fed Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilSanta Casa Misericordia, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilSanta Casa Misericordia São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Fed Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, BrazilHosp Geral de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilHosp Univ Clementino Fraga Filho IPPMG, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniv Hosp São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilFac Ciencias Med Santa Casa São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Inst Crianca, Hosp Clin, São Paulo, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Med Ribeirao Preto, Hosp Clin, Ribeirao Preto, BrazilAmbulatorio Fac Estadual Med Sao Jose Rio Preto, Ribeirao Preto, BrazilEscola Paulista Med, Ctr Diabet, Ribeirao Preto, BrazilClin Endocrinol Santa Casa Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, BrazilUniv Estadual Londrina, Londrina, BrazilUniv Fed Parana, Hosp Clin, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilInst Crianca Com Diabet Rio Grande Sul, Rio Grande Do Sul, RS, BrazilGrp Hosp Conceicao, Inst Crianca Com Diabet, Porto Alegre, RS, BrazilHosp Univ Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, BrazilInst Diabet Endocrinol Joinville, Joinville, BrazilHosp Reg Taguatinga, Brasilia, DF, BrazilHosp Geral Goiania, Goiania, Go, BrazilCtr Diabet & Endocrinol Estado Bahia, Goiania, Go, BrazilUniv Fed Maranhao, Sao Luis, BrazilCtr Integrado Diabet & Hipertensao Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceara, BrazilUniv Fed Sergipe, Aracaju, BrazilHosp Univ Alcides Carneiro, Campina Grande, BrazilHosp Univ Joao de Barros Barreto, Belem, Para, BrazilFed Univ São Paulo State, Diabet Unit, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Hosp São Paulo, Diabet Unit, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Hosp São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilEscola Paulista Med, Ctr Diabet, Ribeirao Preto, BrazilWeb of Scienc