La peinture monumentale en Lozère : état de la question

En Lozère, les dernières recherches sur les peintures monumentales ont été effectuées il y a une trentaine d’années. Aucune étude globale n’a été publiée en dehors de celle de Michel Verrot en 1994. Cependant, grâce au travail de conservation et de restauration dans les édifices, certaines peintures ont été découvertes depuis et documentées. Ce poster dresse un rapide état des lieux permettant d’actualiser les données sur les peintures murales et plafonds peints recensés ces dernières années.In the Lozère department, the most recent research on monumental painting was carried out some 30 years ago. No comprehensive study has been published apart from that of Michel Verrot in 1994. However, thanks to conservation and restoration work in the buildings, some paintings have since been discovered and documented. This poster provides a quick overview of the state of the art in order to update the data on wall paintings and painted ceilings recorded in recent years

Metabolic characterization of green pods from Vanilla planifolia accessions grown in La Reunion.

Large phenotypic variation has been observed between the cultivated vanillas since a single genetic source of Vanilla planifolia was spread to the Indian Ocean and the Indonesia in the 19th century. In order to differentiate the cultivated vanilla plants, genetic studies have been conducted in the past on the plants grown in various regions such as the French island, La Réunion. However, the genetic difference was not big enough to differentiate diverse accessions of V. planifolia. In this study, metabolomics, in which genetic variation could be amplified, was employed to delve into the variation between the cultivated vanilla plants. To obtain a broad view of the metabolome, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was applied to the analysis of V. planifolia green pods. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) of the data showed that the accessions could be differentiated according to their glucovanillin and glucosides A and B contents. Furthermore, a correlation between the glucovanillin content and the pod length, number of flower and growth capacity of the accessions has been observed from the multivariate data analysis

Shoot differentiation from protocorm callus cultures of Vanilla planifolia (Orchidaceae): proteomic and metabolic responses at early stage

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Vanilla planifolia </it>is an important Orchid commercially cultivated for the production of natural vanilla flavour. Vanilla plants are conventionally propagated by stem cuttings and thus causing injury to the mother plants. Regeneration and <it>in vitro </it>mass multiplication are proposed as an alternative to minimize damage to mother plants. Because mass production of <it>V. planifolia </it>through indirect shoot differentiation from callus culture is rare and may be a successful use of in <it>vitro </it>techniques for producing somaclonal variants, we have established a novel protocol for the regeneration of vanilla plants and investigated the initial biochemical and molecular mechanisms that trigger shoot organogenesis from embryogenic/organogenic callus.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For embryogenic callus induction, seeds obtained from 7-month-old green pods of <it>V. planifolia </it>were inoculated on MS basal medium (BM) containing TDZ (0.5 mg l^-1). Germination of unorganized mass callus such as protocorm -like structure (PLS) arising from each seed has been observed. The primary embryogenic calli have been formed after transferring on BM containing IAA (0.5 mg l^-1) and TDZ (0.5 mg l^-1). These calli were maintained by subculturing on BM containing IAA (0.5 mg l^-1) and TDZ (0.3 mg l^-1) during 6 months and formed embryogenic/organogenic calli. Histological analysis showed that shoot organogenesis was induced between 15 and 20 days after embryogenic/organogenic calli were transferred onto MS basal medium with NAA (0.5 mg l^-1). By associating proteomics and metabolomics analyses, the biochemical and molecular markers responsible for shoot induction have been studied in 15-day-old calli at the stage where no differentiating part was visible on organogenic calli. Two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF-MS) analysis revealed that 15 protein spots are significantly expressed (<it>P </it>< 0.05) at earlier stages of shoot differentiation. The majority of these proteins are involved in amino acid-protein metabolism and photosynthetic activity. In accordance with proteomic analysis, metabolic profiling using 1D and 2D NMR techniques showed the importance of numerous compounds related with sugar mobilization and nitrogen metabolism. NMR analysis techniques also allowed the identification of some secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds whose accumulation was enhanced during shoot differentiation.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The subculture of embryogenic/organogenic calli onto shoot differentiation medium triggers the stimulation of cell metabolism principally at three levels namely (i) initiation of photosynthesis, glycolysis and phenolic compounds synthesis; (ii) amino acid - protein synthesis, and protein stabilization; (iii) sugar degradation. These biochemical mechanisms associated with the initiation of shoot formation during protocorm - like body (PLB) organogenesis could be coordinated by the removal of TDZ in callus maintenance medium. These results might contribute to elucidate the complex mechanism that leads to vanilla callus differentiation and subsequent shoot formation into PLB organogenesis. Moreover, our results highlight an early intermediate metabolic event in vanillin biosynthetic pathway with respect to secondary metabolism. Indeed, for the first time in vanilla tissue culture, phenolic compounds such as glucoside A and glucoside B were identified. The degradation of these compounds in specialized tissue (i.e. young green beans) probably contributes to the biosynthesis of glucovanillin, the parent compound of vanillin.</p

INTRODUCTION DE LA RESISTANCE AU FLETRISSEMENT BACTERIEN CHEZ LA POMME DE TERRE (SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L.) PAR HYBRIDATION SOMATIQUE AVEC DEUX ESPECES APPARENTEES, S. PHUREJA ET S. STENOTOMUM

ORSAY-PARIS 11-BU Sciences (914712101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Metabolic changes in different developmental stages of vanilla planifolia pods.

The metabolomic analysis of developing Vanilla planifolia green pods (between 3 and 8 months after pollination) was carried out by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. Multivariate data analysis of the 1H NMR spectra, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), showed a trend of separation of those samples based on the metabolites present in the methanol/water (1:1) extract. Older pods had a higher content of glucovanillin, vanillin, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde glucoside, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and sucrose, while younger pods had more bis[4-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl]-2-isopropyltartrate (glucoside A), bis[4-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-benzyl]-2-(2-butyl)tartrate (glucoside B), glucose, malic acid, and homocitric acid. A liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry (LC−MS) analysis targeted at phenolic compound content was also performed on the developing pods and confirmed the NMR results. Ratios of aglycones/glucosides were estimated and thus allowed for detection of more minor metabolites in the green vanilla pods. Quantification of compounds based on both LC−MS and NMR analyses showed that free vanillin can reach 24% of the total vanillin content after 8 months of development in the vanilla green pods

Ralstonia solanacearum induces soluble amine-oxidase activity in Solanum torvum stem calli

International audienc

Overcoming germination barriers in four native Malvaceae shrub species of Reunion island to improve restoration in arid habitats

International audienceIslands are well-known to house an incredible biodiversity, higher level of threatened species and extinctions than mainlands. Because of human activities and climate change, these endangered regions required advanced conservation and restoration strategies. In this study, we investigated seed germination ecology of four native Malvaceae species (Dombeya acutangula, Dombeya populnea, Ruizia cordata and Thespesia populneoides) of degraded dry lowlands of Reunion Island. We measured seed imbibition, investigated the dormancy class of seeds, determined light requirements for germination and identified treatments to improve germination of these species. For this purpose, germination tests were performed over 32 days and two photoperiods (12 h/12 h or 0 h/24 h), by using seeds treated with H2O2, gibberellic acid and smoke water. Mechanical and chemical scarifications as well as heat treatment were also carried out. Germination percentages were analyzed by fitting generalized linear models (GLMs) with a logit link function.For the four species, a significant mass increase is detected for scarified seeds after a week imbibition (>60% mass increase). Germination percentages of seeds treated with H2O2, GA3 and smoke water were not significantly different from control seed. On the contrary, scarified seeds exhibited significantly higher germination percentages than control seeds. In addition, germination speed was also significantly higher for scarified seeds. These results are congruent with a physical dormancy phenomenon of seeds of the four Malvaceae shrubs. In addition, no particular light requirement was observed for germination. Artificial methods to break dormancy and stimulate germination described in this study could improve establishment success in arid habitats