“Clandestine refugees”, men or animals? For an ethics reconciling the “animal cause” and the “migration crisis”.

In the mains European countries, the activists of the "animal cause" are re-examining the legal, political and philosophical terminology relating to animals. They criticize specially the anthropocentric nature of certain notions justifying and extending the exclusion of animals from the sphere of moral consideration. While there is a demand for animal rights, in these same countries, the lack of social recognition and legal protection condemns migrants to nomadism and to clandestinity. This work aims to illustrate how the lack of fundamental rights among "illegal refugees" demeans humans to the animal state. A demeaning showing that the vulnerability of human and animal lives is beyond species. An essential element to build a new ethics considering as equal the men and the animals, a humanimalistic ethics.Dans les principaux pays européens, les militants de la « cause animale » réexaminent la terminologie juridique, politique et philosophique relative aux animaux. Ils s’attaquent, en particulier, au caractère anthropocentriste de certaines notions justifiant et prolongeant l’exclusion des animaux de la sphère de considération morale.  Tandis qu’on assiste à la revendication des vies animales, dans ces mêmes pays, l’absence de reconnaissance sociale et d’une protection juridique condamne les migrants au nomadisme et à la clandestinité.  Ce travail souhaite démontrer comment l’absence des droits fondamentaux chez les « réfugiés clandestins » rabaisse l’homme à l’état animal. Un rabaissement démontrant que la vulnérabilité des vies humaines et des vies animales est au-delà des espèces. Un élément essentiel pour construire une nouvelle éthique considérant comme égaux les hommes et les animaux, une éthique humanimaliste

“HALLAZGOS EN LAPAROTOMIA EXPLORATORIA EN PACIENTES ADULTOS CON TRAUMA ABDOMINAL EN EL HOSPITAL GENERAL DR. NICOLAS SAN JUAN 2007 A 2012.”

El trauma abdominal es la lesión que recibe este compartimento, ocasionada por fuerzas externas. El abdomen es la tercera región del organismo más frecuentemente lesionada en los traumatismos, y el trauma abdominal es la causa del 20% de las lesiones civiles que requieren intervención quirúrgica

La cultura y el poder blando en las relaciones bilaterales: el caso de Argentina e India

Tomando en cuenta la importancia del concepto de poder para el ámbito de las relaciones internacionales y la vigencia de la tipología del poder propuesta por Joseph Nye (poder duro, suave/blando e inteligente), el texto atiende a las estrategias de acción y promoción cultural, que permiten proyectar una imagen positiva de los países hacia el exterior, contribuyendo a promocionar tanto identidades como valores asociados con ellas, siendo no solamente el Estado sino también otros agentes sociales, quienes llevan adelante tales acciones. Rocha Valencia y Morales Ruvalcaba (2011) sostienen que el poder suave/blando ha sido fundamentalmente proyectado por las potencias mundiales y las potencias medias, aunque en las últimas décadas se observó la emergencia de nuevas potencias, denominadas regionales, entre cuyos ejemplos, se encuentran la India y Argentina. El texto considera así, diversas acciones y promoción de las culturas de ambos países, en distintos ámbitos, a través de acciones del Estado y otros agentes sociales, concluyendo que las consideraciones realizadas remiten a la temática mayor de cómo ambos países pueden acrecentar sus capacidades materiales y no materiales para concretar una trayectoria virtuosa de desarrollo, clarificando el impacto simbólico de cada elemento de poder blando que se proyecta y se proponen proyectar

Metal solution precursors: their role during the synthesis of MoVTeNb mixed oxide catalysts

[EN] Synthesized via the slurry method and activated at high temperature (873 K), MoVTeNb multimetallic mixed oxides are applied to catalyze the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene (ODHE). Mixed oxides typically contain M1 and M2 crystalline phases, the relative contribution of these phases and the respective catalytic behaviour being notably influenced by the preparation conditions of the metallic aqueous solution precursor, given the complexity of the chemical interactions of metal species in solution. Thus, detailed in situ UV-vis and Raman studies of the chemical species formed in solution during each step of the synthetic procedure are presented herein. The main role of vanadium is to form decavanadate ions, which interact with Mo species to generate an Anderson-type structure. When niobium oxalate solution is added into the MoVTe solution, a yellow-coloured gel is immediately formed due to a common ion effect. When liquid and gel phases are separated, the M1 crystalline phase is produced solely from the gel phase. Attention is also devoted to the influence and role of each metal cation (Mo, V, Te and Nb) on the formation of the active M1 crystalline phase and the catalytic behaviour in the ODHE. The catalyst constituted mostly of M1 crystalline phase is able to convert 45% of the fed ethane, with a selectivity to ethylene of around 90%.This work was financially supported by the Instituto Mexicano del Petroleo (IMP) Project D.61010. EMF thanks CONACyT Mexico and IMP. JMLN thanks DGICYT in Spain (Project CTQ2015-68951-C3-1-R).Sánchez-Valente, J.; Maya-Flores, E.; Armendariz-Herrera, H.; Quintana-Solorzano, R.; López Nieto, JM. (2018). Metal solution precursors: their role during the synthesis of MoVTeNb mixed oxide catalysts. Catalysis Science & Technology. 8(12):3123-3132. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cy00750kS31233132812Ushikubo, T., Oshima, K., Kayou, A., Vaarkamp, M., & Hatano, M. (1997). Ammoxidation of Propane over Catalysts Comprising Mixed Oxides of Mo and V. Journal of Catalysis, 169(1), 394-396. doi:10.1006/jcat.1997.1692Ushikubo, T., Oshima, K., Kayou, A., & Hatano, M. (1997). Ammoxidation of propane over Mo-V-Nb-Te mixed oxide catalysts. Spillover and Migration of Surface Species on Catalysts, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Spillover, 473-480. doi:10.1016/s0167-2991(97)80871-3Ushikubo, T. (2000). Recent topics of research and development of catalysis by niobium and tantalum oxides. Catalysis Today, 57(3-4), 331-338. doi:10.1016/s0920-5861(99)00344-2Ueda, W., & Oshihara, K. (2000). Selective oxidation of light alkanes over hydrothermally synthesized Mo-V-M-O (M=Al, Ga, Bi, Sb, and Te) oxide catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 200(1-2), 135-143. doi:10.1016/s0926-860x(00)00627-xWatanabe, H., & Koyasu, Y. (2000). New synthesis route for Mo–V–Nb–Te mixed oxides catalyst for propane ammoxidation. Applied Catalysis A: General, 194-195, 479-485. doi:10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00394-4Botella, P., Solsona, B., Martinez-Arias, A., & López Nieto, J. M. (2001). Catalysis Letters, 74(3/4), 149-154. doi:10.1023/a:1016614132694Oshihara, K., Hisano, T., & Ueda, W. (2001). Topics in Catalysis, 15(2/4), 153-160. doi:10.1023/a:1016630307377Botella, P., López Nieto, J. M., Solsona, B., Mifsud, A., & Márquez, F. (2002). The Preparation, Characterization, and Catalytic Behavior of MoVTeNbO Catalysts Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis. Journal of Catalysis, 209(2), 445-455. doi:10.1006/jcat.2002.3648Millet, J. M. M., Roussel, H., Pigamo, A., Dubois, J. L., & Jumas, J. C. (2002). Characterization of tellurium in MoVTeNbO catalysts for propane oxidation or ammoxidation. Applied Catalysis A: General, 232(1-2), 77-92. doi:10.1016/s0926-860x(02)00078-9DeSanto Jr., P., Buttrey, D. J., Grasselli, R. K., Lugmair, C. G., Volpe, A. F., Toby, B. H., & Vogt, T. (2003). Topics in Catalysis, 23(1/4), 23-38. doi:10.1023/a:1024812101856Millet, J. M. ., Baca, M., Pigamo, A., Vitry, D., Ueda, W., & Dubois, J. . (2003). Study of the valence state and coordination of antimony in MoVSbO catalysts determined by XANES and EXAFS. Applied Catalysis A: General, 244(2), 359-370. doi:10.1016/s0926-860x(02)00614-2BOTELLA, P. (2004). Selective oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane on MoVTeNbO mixed metal oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 225(2), 428-438. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2004.04.024Holmberg, J., Grasselli, R. K., & Andersson, A. (2004). Catalytic behaviour of M1, M2, and M1/M2 physical mixtures of the Mo–V–Nb–Te–oxide system in propane and propene ammoxidation. Applied Catalysis A: General, 270(1-2), 121-134. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2004.04.029Grasselli, R. K., Buttrey, D. J., DeSanto, P., Burrington, J. D., Lugmair, C. G., Volpe, A. F., & Weingand, T. (2004). Active centers in Mo–V–Nb–Te–O (amm)oxidation catalysts. Catalysis Today, 91-92, 251-258. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2004.03.060Ueda, W., Vitry, D., & Katou, T. (2005). Crystalline MoVO based complex oxides as selective oxidation catalysts of propane. Catalysis Today, 99(1-2), 43-49. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2004.09.022Murayama, H., Vitry, D., Ueda, W., Fuchs, G., Anne, M., & Dubois, J. L. (2007). Structure characterization of orthorhombic phase in MoVTeNbO catalyst by powder X-ray diffraction and XANES. Applied Catalysis A: General, 318, 137-142. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2006.10.050Guliants, V. V., Bhandari, R., Swaminathan, B., Vasudevan, V. K., Brongersma, H. H., Knoester, A., … Han, S. (2005). Roles of Surface Te, Nb, and Sb Oxides in Propane Oxidation to Acrylic Acid over Bulk Orthorhombic Mo−V−O Phase. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109(50), 24046-24055. doi:10.1021/jp054641yGrasselli, R. K., Buttrey, D. J., Burrington, J. D., Andersson, A., Holmberg, J., Ueda, W., … Volpe, A. F. (2006). Active centers, catalytic behavior, symbiosis and redox properties of MoV(Nb,Ta)TeO ammoxidation catalysts. Topics in Catalysis, 38(1-3), 7-16. doi:10.1007/s11244-006-0066-xSafonova, O. V., Deniau, B., & Millet, J.-M. M. (2006). Mechanism of the Oxidation−Reduction of the MoVSbNbO Catalyst:  In Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and Electrical Conductivity Measurements. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110(47), 23962-23967. doi:10.1021/jp064347lWagner, J. B., Timpe, O., Hamid, F. A., Trunschke, A., Wild, U., Su, D. S., … Schlögl, R. (2006). Surface texturing of Mo–V–Te–Nb–O x selective oxidation catalysts. Topics in Catalysis, 38(1-3), 51-58. doi:10.1007/s11244-006-0070-1Kolen’ko, Y. V., Zhang, W., d’ Alnoncourt, R. N., Girgsdies, F., Hansen, T. W., Wolfram, T., … Trunschke, A. (2011). Synthesis of MoVTeNb Oxide Catalysts with Tunable Particle Dimensions. ChemCatChem, 3(10), 1597-1606. doi:10.1002/cctc.201100089Hävecker, M., Wrabetz, S., Kröhnert, J., Csepei, L.-I., Naumann d’Alnoncourt, R., Kolen’ko, Y. V., … Trunschke, A. (2012). Surface chemistry of phase-pure M1 MoVTeNb oxide during operation in selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid. Journal of Catalysis, 285(1), 48-60. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2011.09.012Ishikawa, S., Tashiro, M., Murayama, T., & Ueda, W. (2014). Seed-Assisted Synthesis of Crystalline Mo3VOx Oxides and Their Crystal Formation Mechanism. Crystal Growth & Design, 14(9), 4553-4561. doi:10.1021/cg500661pNieto, J. M. L., Botella, P., Vázquez, M. I., & Dejoz, A. (2002). The selective oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over hydrothermally synthesised MoVTeNb catalysts. Chem. Commun., (17), 1906-1907. doi:10.1039/b204037aLópez Nieto, J. ., Botella, P., Concepción, P., Dejoz, A., & Vázquez, M. . (2004). Oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane on Te-containing MoVNbO catalysts. Catalysis Today, 91-92, 241-245. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2004.03.040Ivars, F., Botella, P., Dejoz, A., Nieto, J. M. L., Concepción, P., & Vázquez, M. I. (2006). Selective oxidation of short-chain alkanes over hydrothermally prepared MoVTeNbO catalysts. Topics in Catalysis, 38(1-3), 59-67. doi:10.1007/s11244-006-0071-0Botella, P., Dejoz, A., Abello, M. C., Vázquez, M. I., Arrúa, L., & López Nieto, J. M. (2009). Selective oxidation of ethane: Developing an orthorhombic phase in Mo–V–X (X=Nb, Sb, Te) mixed oxides. Catalysis Today, 142(3-4), 272-277. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2008.09.016Deniau, B., Millet, J. M. M., Loridant, S., Christin, N., & Dubois, J. L. (2008). Effect of several cationic substitutions in the M1 active phase of the MoVTeNbO catalysts used for the oxidation of propane to acrylic acid. Journal of Catalysis, 260(1), 30-36. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2008.08.020SOLSONA, B., VAZQUEZ, M., IVARS, F., DEJOZ, A., CONCEPCION, P., & LOPEZNIETO, J. (2007). Selective oxidation of propane and ethane on diluted Mo–V–Nb–Te mixed-oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 252(2), 271-280. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2007.09.019Nguyen, T. T., Burel, L., Nguyen, D. L., Pham-Huu, C., & Millet, J. M. M. (2012). Catalytic performance of MoVTeNbO catalyst supported on SiC foam in oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and ammoxidation of propane. Applied Catalysis A: General, 433-434, 41-48. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2012.04.038Nguyen, T. T., Aouine, M., & Millet, J. M. M. (2012). Optimizing the efficiency of MoVTeNbO catalysts for ethane oxidative dehydrogenation to ethylene. Catalysis Communications, 21, 22-26. doi:10.1016/j.catcom.2012.01.026Valente, J. S., Armendáriz-Herrera, H., Quintana-Solórzano, R., del Ángel, P., Nava, N., Massó, A., & López Nieto, J. M. (2014). Chemical, Structural, and Morphological Changes of a MoVTeNb Catalyst during Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane. ACS Catalysis, 4(5), 1292-1301. doi:10.1021/cs500143jTHORSTEINSON, E. (1978). The oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane over catalysts containing mixed oxides of molybdenum and vanadium. Journal of Catalysis, 52(1), 116-132. doi:10.1016/0021-9517(78)90128-8Ishikawa, S., Yi, X., Murayama, T., & Ueda, W. (2014). Heptagonal channel micropore of orthorhombic Mo3VOx as catalysis field for the selective oxidation of ethane. Applied Catalysis A: General, 474, 10-17. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2013.07.050Ishikawa, S., Yi, X., Murayama, T., & Ueda, W. (2014). Catalysis field in orthorhombic Mo3VOx oxide catalyst for the selective oxidation of ethane, propane and acrolein. Catalysis Today, 238, 35-40. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2013.12.054Grasselli, R. K., Burrington, J. D., Buttrey, D. J., DeSanto Jr., P., Lugmair, C. G., Volpe Jr., A. F., & Weingand, T. (2003). Topics in Catalysis, 23(1/4), 5-22. doi:10.1023/a:1024859917786Grasselli, R. K., Lugmair, C. G., Volpe Jr., A. F., Andersson, A., & Burrington, J. D. (2010). Enhancement of acrylic acid yields in propane and propylene oxidation by selective P Doping of MoV(Nb)TeO-based M1 and M2 catalysts. Catalysis Today, 157(1-4), 33-38. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2010.01.044Grasselli, R. K., Lugmair, C. G., & Volpe, A. F. (2011). Towards an Understanding of the Reaction Pathways in Propane Ammoxidation Based on the Distribution of Elements at the Active Centers of the M1 Phase of the MoV(Nb,Ta)TeO System. Topics in Catalysis, 54(10-12), 595-604. doi:10.1007/s11244-011-9681-2Grasselli, R. K. (2014). Site isolation and phase cooperation: Two important concepts in selective oxidation catalysis: A retrospective. Catalysis Today, 238, 10-27. doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2014.05.036Ramli, I., Botella, P., Ivars, F., Pei Meng, W., Zawawi, S. M. M., Ahangar, H. A., … Nieto, J. M. L. (2011). Reflux method as a novel route for the synthesis of MoVTeNbOx catalysts for selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 342-343, 50-57. doi:10.1016/j.molcata.2011.04.009Naraschewski, F. N., Praveen Kumar, C., Jentys, A., & Lercher, J. A. (2011). Phase formation and selective oxidation of propane over MoVTeNbOx catalysts with varying compositions. Applied Catalysis A: General, 391(1-2), 63-69. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2010.07.005Blasco, T., Botella, P., Concepción, P., López Nieto, J. M., Martinez-Arias, A., & Prieto, C. (2004). Selective oxidation of propane to acrylic acid on K-doped MoVSbO catalysts: catalyst characterization and catalytic performance. Journal of Catalysis, 228(2), 362-373. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2004.08.036YANG, X., FENG, R., JI, W., & AU, C. (2008). Characterization and evaluation of MoVTeNb mixed metal oxide catalysts fabricated via hydrothermal process with ultrasonic pretreatment for propane partial oxidation. Journal of Catalysis, 253(1), 57-65. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2007.10.020GAFFNEY, A., CHATURVEDI, S., CLARKJR, M., HAN, S., LE, D., RYKOV, S., & CHEN, J. (2005). Characterization and catalytic studies of PVD synthesized Mo/V/Nb/Te oxide catalysts. Journal of Catalysis, 229(1), 12-23. doi:10.1016/j.jcat.2004.09.013Espinal, L., Malinger, K. A., Espinal, A. E., Gaffney, A. M., & Suib, S. L. (2007). Preparation of Multicomponent Metal Oxides Using Nozzle Spray and Microwaves. Advanced Functional Materials, 17(14), 2572-2579. doi:10.1002/adfm.200600744Kolen’ko, Y. V., Amakawa, K., d’ Alnoncourt, R. N., Girgsdies, F., Weinberg, G., Schlögl, R., & Trunschke, A. (2012). Unusual Phase Evolution in MoVTeNb Oxide Catalysts Prepared by a Novel Acrylamide-Gelation Route. ChemCatChem, 4(4), 495-503. doi:10.1002/cctc.201100451Concepción, P., Hernández, S., & Nieto, J. M. L. (2011). On the nature of active sites in MoVTeO and MoVTeNbO catalysts: The influence of catalyst activation temperature. Applied Catalysis A: General, 391(1-2), 92-101. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2010.05.011Botella, P., García-González, E., López Nieto, J. M., & González-Calbet, J. M. (2005). MoVTeNbO multifunctional catalysts: Correlation between constituent crystalline phases and catalytic performance. Solid State Sciences, 7(5), 507-519. doi:10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2005.01.012Beato, P., Blume, A., Girgsdies, F., Jentoft, R. E., Schlögl, R., Timpe, O., … Mohd Salim, L. (2006). Analysis of structural transformations during the synthesis of a MoVTeNb mixed oxide catalyst. Applied Catalysis A: General, 307(1), 137-147. doi:10.1016/j.apcata.2006.03.014Celaya Sanfiz, A., Hansen, T. W., Girgsdies, F., Timpe, O., Rödel, E., Ressler, T., … Schlögl, R. (2008). Preparation of Phase-Pure M1 MoVTeNb Oxide Catalysts by Hydrothermal Synthesis—Influence of Reaction Parameters on Structure and Morphology. Topics in Catalysis, 50(1-4), 19-32. doi:10.1007/s11244-008-9106-zOzeki, T., Kihara, H., & Ikeda, S. (1988). Study of equilibria in 0.03 mM molybdate acidic aqueous solutions by factor analysis applied to ultraviolet spectra. Analytical Chemistry, 60(19), 2055-2059. doi:10.1021/ac00170a014Tytko, K.-H., & Schönfeld, B. (1975). Über Isopolymolybdatfeststoffe und deren Beziehung zu Isopolymolybdationen in wäßriger Lösung / Concerning Solid Isopolymolybdates and their Relation to Isopolymolybdate Ions in Aqueous Solution. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B, 30(7-8), 471-484. doi:10.1515/znb-1975-7-801Müller, A., Krickemeyer, E., Bögge, H., Schmidtmann, M., & Peters, F. (1998). Organizational Forms of Matter: An Inorganic Super Fullerene and Keplerate Based on Molybdenum Oxide. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 37(24), 3359-3363. doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19981231)37:243.0.co;2-jLivage, J. (2010). Hydrothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Vanadium Oxides. Materials, 3(8), 4175-4195. doi:10.3390/ma3084175C. F. Baes Jr and R. E.Mesmer , in The Hydrolysis of Cations , Wiley N.Y. , 1970Tsuji, H., & Koyasu, Y. (2002). Synthesis of MoVNbTe(Sb)OxComposite Oxide Catalysts via Reduction of Polyoxometalates in an Aqueous Medium. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 124(20), 5608-5609. doi:10.1021/ja0122344Maksimovskaya, R. I., Bondareva, V. M., & Aleshina, G. I. (2008). NMR Spectroscopic Studies of Interactions in Solution during the Synthesis of MoVTeNb Oxide Catalysts. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry, 2008(31), 4906-4914. doi:10.1002/ejic.200800500Griffith, W. P., & Lesniak, P. J. B. (1969). Raman studies on species in aqueous solutions. Part III. Vanadates, molybdates, and tungstates. Journal of the Chemical Society A: Inorganic, Physical, Theoretical, 1066. doi:10.1039/j19690001066Butler, I. S., El-Sherbeny, H. A. M., Kenawy, I. M., & Mostafa, S. I. (2013). Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of complexes of Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cu(III), Zn(II), Mo(VI), Pd(II), Ag(III), Au(III) and W(VI) with telluric acid. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1036, 510-520. doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.11.017Müller, A., Kögerler, P., & Dress, A. W. M. (2001). Giant metal-oxide-based spheres and their topology: from pentagonal building blocks to keplerates and unusual spin systems. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 222(1), 193-218. doi:10.1016/s0010-8545(01)00391-5Botto, I. L., Cabello, C. I., & Thomas, H. J. (1997). (NH4)6[TeMo6O24]·7H2O Anderson phase as precursor of the TeMo5O16 catalytic phase: thermal and spectroscopic studies. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 47(1), 37-45. doi:10.1016/s0254-0584(97)80025-9Sun, Y., Liu, J., & Wang, E. (1986). Preparation and properties of some new 6-heteropoly-tellurate compounds of tungsten and molybdenum containing vanadium. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 117(1), 23-26. doi:10.1016/s0020-1693(00)88061-5Yoshida, H., Tanaka, T., Yoshida, T., Funabiki, T., & Yoshida, S. (1996). Control of the structure of niobium oxide species on silica by the equilibrium adsorption method. Catalysis Today, 28(1-2), 79-89. doi:10.1016/0920-5861(95)00232-4Kubouchi, Y., Hayakawa, S., Namatame, H., & Hirokawa, T. (2012). Direct observation of fractional change of niobium ionic species in a solution by means of X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. X-Ray Spectrometry, 41(4), 259-263. doi:10.1002/xrs.2390Prasetyoko, D., Ramli, Z., Endud, S., & Nur, H. (2005). Preparation and characterization of bifunctional oxidative and acidic catalysts Nb2O5/TS-1 for synthesis of diols. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 93(2-3), 443-449. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.03.030Konya, T., Katou, T., Murayama, T., Ishikawa, S., Sadakane, M., Buttrey, D., & Ueda, W. (2013). An orthorhombic Mo3VOxcatalyst most active for oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane among related complex metal oxides. Catal. Sci. Technol., 3(2), 380-387. doi:10.1039/c2cy20444dOliver, J. (2004). The effect of pH on structural and catalytic properties of MoVTeNbO catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 257(1), 67-76. doi:10.1016/s0926-860x(03)00632-

Towards an Integrated Approach to Urban Decarbonisation in Practice: The Case of Vitoria-Gasteiz

How can local authorities effectively approach the decarbonisation of urban environments? Recent efforts to redirect cities into a less energy-intensive model have been mostly approached from a sectoral perspective, with specific energy policies and plans being issued without deeply considering their ties with other urban aspects. In this sense, well-established urban planning procedures have not been part of those, with the consequence of barriers in the implementation phase of those energy plans. The Cities4ZERO methodology was developed to guide effective integration between urban planning and energy policies, plans, and practices. It provides a holistic approach to strategic municipal processes for urban decarbonisation in the mid-long term, which includes key local stakeholders’ engagement into integrated energy planning processes, as well as tools for effective energy decarbonisation modelling. This paper analyses the application of the Cities4ZERO decarbonisation methodology on its strategic stage in the development of Vitoria-Gasteiz’s Action Plan for an Integrated Energy Transition 2030 (APIET 2030). It suggests that in order to accelerate urban decarbonisation, it is critical to: (a) foster interdepartmental collaboration; (b) allow for flexibility on the land-use planning regulations; (c) back decisions with detailed urban-energy models; and (d) truly engage key local stakeholders in the planning and implementation processes.European Commission for funding SmartEnCity project, the frame of this research, and Basque Government for its significant support to the Basque research and innovation paradigm

ESTUDIO CITOGENÉTICO DELMAÍZHÍBRIDO SIMPLEH-311 (ZEAMAYSSSP. MAYS), TEOCINTLE CHALQUEÑO (ZEAMAYS SSP. MEXICANA)YSUHÍBRIDO F1 (ZEA MAYS SSP . MAYS X ZEA MAYS SSP. MEXICANA)

Meiotic prophase and metaphase I chiasmafrequency was analyzed in cells of maizehybrid simple H-311 (Zea mays ssp. mays),teosintle chalqueño (Zea mays ssp. mexicana) and their resulting hybrid F1(Zea maysssp. mays X Zea mays ssp. mexicana).Chiasma frequency was smaller in F1 than inits progenitors. Mean total chiasms per cellwas 21.88 in maize hybrid simple H-311,21.31 in teosintle chalqueño and 16.63 inthe F1. In the hybrids, the crossing betweenhomologous chromosomes was irregular,presenting univalents, trivalents, tetravalents,pentavalents and hexavalents. All three planttypes presented a diploid chromosomenumber of 2n = 20. The mean total length pergenome was 33.51 µm in maize hybridsimpleH-311, 33.18 µm in teosintle chalqueño and33.33 µm in the F1. The total length of thechromosomesofall threegenomes wassimilar,with a length between 2 and 5 µm. The threekaryotypes constituted of metacentric andsubmetacentric chromosomes. Maize hybridsimple H-311 and teosintle chalqueñopresented a close phylogenetic relationship,as they had the same chromosome numberand similar relationships and lengthsbetweenchromosome arms. Moreover, the hybrid F1genome presents chromosome pairing andgenetic exchange between chromosomes ofboth plants  Se analizó la frecuencia de los quiasmas enprofase y metafase I meiótica en células deplantas de maíz híbrido simple H-311 (Zeamays ssp. mays), teocintle chalqueño (Zeamays ssp. mexicana) y la F1(Zea mays ssp.mays X Zea mays ssp. mexicana) resultante.La frecuencia de quiasmas en la F1 fue menor que en sus progenitores. En el maíz hí-brido simple H-311 el promedio de quiasmastotales por célula fue de 21.88, en el teocintlechalqueño 21.31 y para la F1 16.63. En elmaíz híbrido simple H-311 el promedio dequiasmas totales por célula fue de 21.88, enel teocintle chalqueño 21.31 y para la F116.63. En las plantas híbridas F1, el apareamiento entre los cromosomas homólogos nofue regular, se presentaron univalentes,trivalentes, tetravalentes, pentavalentes yhexavalentes. Los tres tipos de plantas presentaron un número cromosómico diploidede 2n = 20. La longitud total promedio porgenomio fue de 33.51 µm para el maíz híbrido simple H-311, 33.18 µm para el teocintlechalqueño y 33.33 µm para la F1. La longitud total de los cromosomas de los tresgenomios fue muy similar, presentaron unalongitud entre 2 y 5 µm. Los tres cariotiposestuvieron formados por cromosomasmetacéntricos ysubmetacéntricos. El maíz hí-brido simple H-311 yel teocintle chalqueñopresentaron una estrecha relaciónfilogenética, dado que tienen el mismo nú-mero cromosómico, así como una longitud yrelación de brazos similar en suscromosomas, además de haber apareamiento e intercambio genético entre loscromosomas de ambas plantas cuando sepresentan en el híbrido F1

Análisis cariológico de ocho especies de encinos (Quercus, Fagaceae) en México

Karyotype analyses of eight species of the Quercus genus were performed and are reported here. Five species (Q. candicans, Q. crassifolia, Q. elliptica, Q. hintonii and Q. urbanii) belong to the Lobatae section and three (Q. frutex, Q. obtusata and Q. rugosa) to the Quercus section. This is the first report of the chromosome numbers of all of them except Q. rugosa, and demonstrate that they are diploid (2n = 2x = 24) and the karyotypes are moderately asymmetrical.Se han realizado los estudios cariológicos de ocho especies del género Quercus, de las cuales cinco (Q. candicans, Q. crassifolia, Q. elliptica, Q. hintonii y Q. urbanii) pertenecen a la sección Lobatae y tres (Q. frutex, Q. obtusata y Q. rugosa) a la sección Quercus. Se indica por primera vez el número cromosómico de todas ellas excepto Q. rugosa. En todos los casos se trata de diploides (2n = 2x = 24) con cariotipos moderadamente asimétricos

PROCESSING SPEED DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER: A PILOT STUDY

We aimed to compare processing speed (PS) and its subcomponents in schizophrenia (SC) and schizoaffective disorder (SA). Thirty-five patients were divided into two groups (SC=18; SA=17). PS tasks from the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery Central/South America version were used. Additional PS subcomponents were analyzed (i.e., behavioral execution, response processing, and accuracy). SA obtained significant higher scores than SC in response processing, verbal fluency and the PS general domain. Our results indicate that PS is a potential cognitive marker to differentiate between SC and SA. Further research with larger samples must be conducted

Invención de la “pintura nacional china” y reconfiguraciones de su sentido en el transcurso del siglo XX

En el marco de la historia social del arte en China, este proyecto ha explorado el proceso de surgimiento, desarrollo y transformación de la pintura de esencia nacional (guohua) tanto como género artístico como fenómeno social. Desde una perspectiva transdisciplinar e integradora, nuestro propósito ha sido explicar los modos particulares en que el arte se vinculó con el devenir de la historia social y política de China en el transcurso del siglo xx y, a partir de ello, las maneras en que la pintura guohua fue resignificando sus prácticas, expresiones y discursos. En el curso de dos años, se desarrollaron todas las actividades de investigación previstas y se cumplieron los objetivos propuestos. Logramos indagar en los factores sociales, políticos y culturales que impulsaron la creación y definición de la ?pintura nacional? dentro del campo moderno del arte en China. Se pudo identificar y caracterizar en cada coyuntura histórica delimitada, la especificidad de las prácticas artísticas y de las obras de este género. Asimismo, se logró reconocer y describir la relación entre los artistas de este género y las instituciones culturales y educativas del Estado, en el marco de los procesos de institucionalización del arte y profesionalización de los artistas. Finalmente, conseguimos identificar y dar cuenta del rol que cumplieron los artistas de este género en la construcción de un discurso y de un imaginario visual en el campo moderno del arte, asociados a lo propio e identitario, frente a lo extranjero y occidental. Concluimos constatando que, lejos de mantener un ideal conservacionista y de retorno a los esquemas ejemplificadores del pasado, este género se creó como un arte conscientemente crítico, surgido con el cambio mismo que irrumpía desde lo político a principios del siglo xx. En las décadas de 1950 y 1960 fue resignificando sus prácticas y expresiones dados los límites impuestos por el arte oficial, basado en el realismo socialista. Fue recién la apertura pluralista que sobrevino en la coyuntura de finales del siglo xx la que permitió una nueva revitalización de la pintura guohua, cuyos artistas diversificaron sus propuestas estéticas aunque recuperaron, a la vez, el valor referencial del diálogo con la herencia cultural propia de China.Fil: Jorge, Malena. Universidad del Salvador. Escuela de Estudios Orientales; ArgentinaFil: Flores, Verónica Noelia. Universidad del Salvador. Escuela de Estudios Orientales; ArgentinaFil: Alvisa Barroso, Maya. Universidad del Salvador. Escuela de Estudios Orientales; ArgentinaFil: Bergamalli, Juan Ignacio. Universidad del Salvador. Escuela de Estudios Orientales; Argentin