Semiotic Violence

Semiotic violence against female politicians is a subtype of violence against women in politics or VAWP (Krook, 2017), which operates at the level of portrayal and representation of female politicians –mainly through text and images–, with the aim of delegitimizing or nullifying their presence in political office, for gender-based reasons (Krook and Restrepo, 2016a, 2016b; Krook 2020; Krook 2022; Bardall et al. 2020). Like other types of VAWP, the main objective of this type of violence is to “keep politics as a male domain” (Bardall et al., 2020, p. 923). According to Krook's (2022) conceptualization, there are two types of semiotic violence, namely, i) Semiotic violence as rendering women invisible, referring to the symbolic annihilation of female politicians by not considering their presence and contributions to the political debate, reinforcing the idea that men are the only valid participants in it; and ii) Semiotic violence as rendering women incompetent, referring to the attempt to present women as unfit for political life, using stereotypes about their inability to perform public functions. Both types can cover a wide range of manifestations, from overtly misogynist messages to subtle ones, mobilizing semiotic resources to hurt, discipline and subjugate women (Krook, 2022, p. 372). Field of application/theoretical foundation Semiotic violence remains a less explored dimension of VAWP, in contrast to numerous studies addressing its physical, sexual, psychological, and economic domains (For a systematic review of studies on VAWP, revise Krook and Restrepo (2019)) (Bardall et al., 2020). While theoretical frameworks have been established (Krook 2020, 2022; Kuperberg, 2021), the empirical research on semiotic violence is still pending. The phenomenon has often been approached through neighboring concepts, that on the one hand, highlight how female politicians face distinct forms –and, in some cases, higher levels– of aggression compared to their male counterparts (for example, studies by Rehault et al. (2019), and Solovev and Pröllochs (2022), show the prevalence of gendered violence towards women politicians on Twitter). However, the lack of a common conceptualization demonstrates limitations in fully and exclusively capturing and addressing its occurrence. For example, while Incivility is defined as discourteous behavior that encompasses offenses to individuals or social groups through stereotypes and denial of freedoms (Theocharis et al., 2016), in politics, it can be perceived by men and women, and not all its dimensions have gendered issues. In the case of Hate Speech, which refers to the devaluation of individuals according to personal characteristics such as gender (Hawdon et al., 2017), but not exclusively, it could also encompass other social categories such as ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, etc.). Another common example is the extended concept of Online Misogyny, however, it could be applied in diverse contexts, and it is not necessarily confined to a political one. Semiotic violence, as a concept, holds potential within political science to elucidate dynamics perpetuating gender-based political inequalities. Within the context of digital transformations impacting political spheres (Tucker et al., 2017; Zhuravskaya et al., 2020), studying online semiotic violence becomes crucial due its effortlessly diffusion and the normalization of its occurrence (Kuperberg, 2021; Albaine, 2020; Krook, 2022). Analyzing the associated characteristics of victims and perpetrators, delving into the underlying causal mechanisms behind semiotic violence, and examining its primary consequences to female politicians are critical issues to address. Additionally, in the field of communication, studying semiotic violence in news and media coverage could help address how media act as barriers or facilitators of gender equality in the exercise of power. Finally, within the institutional arena (Such as UN Women, Inter-Parliamentary Union, among other institutions), an empirical perspective on online semiotic violence could benefit efforts to measure and monitor the experiences of female politicians in the online sphere. Information on example study The section below outlines a proposed operationalization of semiotic violence against women in politics in online environments (see Table 1), developed by Olivares 2023 [unpublished manuscript]. This study employed an operationalization to assess the prevalence of semiotic violence content within tweet messages –text format– addressed to Spanish MP female candidates before the national election in November 2019. To that end, a semi-automatized context analysis and text classification was conducted using Quanteda package in R (Kenneth et al., 2018). From a feature extraction perspective (Kharde & Sonawe, 2016), the analysis was conducted on a sample of 431.354 tweets sources from the Q-Dem database at the University of Barcelona. Additional details about this study can be found in Table 2.   The used operationalization was built from Krook’s work on offline semiotic violence (2022) and was adapted for an online context. The codebook considers the two main dimensions –types– of the concept elaborated by Krook outlined above. Details of the conceptualization can be found in the original and translated codebook. Table 1. Online semiotic violence against women in politics Type of semiotic violence Nº Subtypes Examples   Semiotic violence as rendering women invisible 1 Removing female politicians from political spaces Calls and pleas for women to abandon their general presence or specific positions in politics. E.g. “go back and take care of yourself and your family”.   2 Misrecognizing female politicians as not being leaders Direct and indirect appeals to women politicians as lacking in leadership and, consequently, incapable of doing their jobs well. E.g. “God help us if we are left in the hands of these women...”.   3 Applying masculine pronouns to female politicians Denial of the feminization of language associated with women in politics. Note: this may not apply in English.   4 Denying female politicians’ right to speak and to be heard Expressions of inquiring female politicians to "shut up". E.g. “Mrs. Calvo, why don’t you shut up!!?”.   5 Pejorative depictions of feminism Insults associated with feminism, or the feminist movement and it demands. E.g. “She is another sectarian feminazi”. Semiotic violence as rendering women incompetent 6 Ridiculing female politicians as emotional and other gender stereotypes Appeal to binary stereotypes to disqualify female politicians because of an "own emotionality" (sensitive, nervous, angry, crazy), and non-emotional stereotypes such as being liars, dangerous, evil, manipulative, etc. E.g. “Come on, now say it without crying”; “ma'am (…), have you taken your medication?”.   7 Denying female politicians’ qualifications Questioning women’s professional and personal qualifications. Includes lack of education and training, nepotism, addictions, among other elements. E.g. “I don't think she understands anything. We must explain it to her very slowly”; “stop smoking whatever it is you smoke, you're leaving yourself with an intellectual defect that is difficult to solve”.   8 Mansplaining and infantilizing female politicians E.g. “Do you know what division of powers is?”; “Tell that to this little girl”.   9 Sexually and physically objectifying female politicians Reducing women to their body characteristics –in terms of sexual attractiveness and physical appearance. E.g. “Forcing your smile makes you ugly”; “These do not even conquer a pimp”.   10 Slut-shaming female politicians Shaming female politicians for real or imagined sexual behavior. E.g. “we know this girl very well in Sevilla, a slut”.   11 Denying that female politicians are real women Consider the implication that female politicians who display some degree of competence may not be real women. E.g. “She is actually @marianorajoy dressed as a woman”. Source: Own elaboration, based on Krook 2022. Note: Text in italics indicates the main modifications to Krook’s conceptualization, to adapt the definition and subtypes of semiotic violence to the online environment. Table 2. Summary of Example Study Author Sample Unit of Analysis Values Reliability Olivares 2023 [unpublished manuscript] Content type: Tweets addressed to female MP candidates (113 twitter accounts). Country: Spain Sampling period: October 14th to November 6th, 2019. Sample size: N = 431.354 tweets Source: Q-Dem, University of Barcelona Unit of analysis: Tweets addressed to female MP candidates for the November 2019 national election.       Semiotic violence (0/1): Presence or absence of contents of semiotic violence in tweets corpus. Corresponds to the presence of elements from 1-11 subtypes from Table 1 Type of Semiotic Violence (categories): ·       “Invisible” (1-5 subtypes) ·       “Incompetent” (6-11 subtypes) ·       “Both” (1-11 subtypes) ·       “None” Semiotic violence: Accuracy = 0.72 F1 = 0.73   Type of Semiotic Violence:Accuracy = 0.65Macro F1 = 0.63F1 Invisible = 0.58F1 Incompetent = 0.58F1 Both = NA (The NA value represents a minimum co-occurrence of the presence of semiotic violence from subtypes “Invisible” and “Incompetent”, within the analyzed sample)F1 None = 0.70 References Albaine, L. (2021). Violencia contra las mujeres en política: Hoja de ruta para prevenirla, monitorearla, sancionarla y erradicarla. Atenea: por una Democracia 50/50. PNUD, ONU Mujeres e IDEA Internacional. https://lac.unwomen.org/es/digiteca/publicaciones/2021/03/violencia-contra-las-mujeres-en-politica Bardall, G., Bjarnegård, E., & Piscopo, J. (2020). How is Political Violence Gendered? Disentangling Motives, Forms, and Impacts. Political Studies, 68(4), 916-935. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321719881812 Benoit, K., Watanabe, K., Wang, H., Nulty, P., Obeng, A., Müller, S., & Matsuo, A. (2018). Quanteda: An R package for the quantitative analysis of textual data. Journal of Open Source Software, 3(30), 774. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.00774 Kharde, V., & Sonawane, S. (2016). Sentiment Analysisi of Twitter Data: A survey of Techniques. International Journal of Computer Applications, 139(11), 5-15. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1601.06971 Krook, M. L. (2017). Violence Against Women in Politics. Journal of Democracy, 28(1), 74-88. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0007 Krook, M. L. (2022). Semiotic Violence against Women: theorizing Harms against Female Politicians. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 47(2), 371-397. https://doi.org/10.1086/716642 Krook, M. L. & Restrepo, J. (2016a). Violencia contra las mujeres en política [Violence Against Women in Politics]. A defense of the Concept. Política y Gobierno, 23(2), 459-490. Krook, M. L. & Restrepo, J. (2016b). Género y violencia política en América Latina [Gender and political violence in Latin America]. Concepts, debates and solutions. Política y Gobierno, 23(1), 125-157. Krook, M. L. & Restrepo, J. (2019). The Cost of Doing Politics? Analyzing Violence and Harassment against Female Politicians. Perspectives on Policies. Published Online. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592719001397 Kuperberg, R. (2021). Incongruous and illegitimate. Antisemitic and Islamophobic semiotic violence against women in politics in the United Kingdom. Journal of Language Aggression and Conflict, 9(1), 100-126. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlac.00055.kup Olivares, F. (2023). Mujeres políticas y violencia online: explorando la violencia semiótica a través de Twitter. [master’s thesis]. Rehault, L., Rayment, E., & Musulan, A. (2019). Politicians in the line of fire: Incivility and the treatment of women on social media. Research and Politics, 6(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168018816228 Solovev, K. & Pröllochs, N. (2022). Hate Speech in the Political Discourse on Social Media: Disparities Across Parties, Gender, and Ethnicity. In Proceedings of the ACM The Web Conf (WWW ’22), April 25–29, 2022, Lyon, France. ACM, New York, NY, USA, 5 pages. https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.06638 Theocharis, Y., Barberá, P., Fazekas, S., Adrian Popa, S., & Parnet, O. (2016). A Bad Workman Blames His Tweets: The Consequences of Citizens‘ Uncivil Twitter Use When Interacting with Party Candidates. Journal of Communication, 66(6), 1007-1031. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.1225

Procurement and Use of Cryopreserved Total Skin Allograft in Complex Wounds

Cryopreserved total skin allografts are a new therapeutic alternative for the management of complex wounds. Their properties allow them to be classified as a temporary coverage for some patients and as definitive in others. And they can be an alternative option to the use of dermal regeneration templates

Avances en la organización de la Colección de Mastozoología del Museo de La Plata

Los primeros ejemplares de la colección de Mastozoología del Museo de La Plata (Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata) formaron parte del acervo del Museo desde su etapa fundacional, en 1888. Esto la convierte en la segunda más antigua de Argentina. Actualmente, la colección está integrada por cerca de 7000 ejemplares y su desarrollo ha estado fuertemente influido por las disciplinas morfológicas (mastozoología, paleontología, zooarqueología), por lo que su mayor riqueza es de materiales esqueletarios de especies autóctonas y exóticas. En su mayor parte, la colección resguarda ejemplares de especies autóctonas de Argentina. Respecto de la representación taxonómica de estos, está integrada por 12 de los 13 órdenes actualmente reconocidos para nuestro país, y el 71% del total de géneros. La provincia mejor representada es la de Buenos Aires, con más del 50% de los ejemplares preservados. En un contexto más amplio, la colección posee, aunque en muy baja proporción, ejemplares de todos los continentes.Red de Museos de la Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Avances en la organización de la Colección de Mastozoología del Museo de La Plata

Los primeros ejemplares de la colección de Mastozoología del Museo de La Plata (Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata) formaron parte del acervo del Museo desde su etapa fundacional, en 1888. Esto la convierte en la segunda más antigua de Argentina. Actualmente, la colección está integrada por cerca de 7000 ejemplares y su desarrollo ha estado fuertemente influido por las disciplinas morfológicas (mastozoología, paleontología, zooarqueología), por lo que su mayor riqueza es de materiales esqueletarios de especies autóctonas y exóticas. En su mayor parte, la colección resguarda ejemplares de especies autóctonas de Argentina. Respecto de la representación taxonómica de estos, está integrada por 12 de los 13 órdenes actualmente reconocidos para nuestro país, y el 71% del total de géneros. La provincia mejor representada es la de Buenos Aires, con más del 50% de los ejemplares preservados. En un contexto más amplio, la colección posee, aunque en muy baja proporción, ejemplares de todos los continentes.Red de Museos de la Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Avances en la organización de la Colección de Mastozoología del Museo de La Plata

Los primeros ejemplares de la colección de Mastozoología del Museo de La Plata (Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata) formaron parte del acervo del Museo desde su etapa fundacional, en 1888. Esto la convierte en la segunda más antigua de Argentina. Actualmente, la colección está integrada por cerca de 7000 ejemplares y su desarrollo ha estado fuertemente influido por las disciplinas morfológicas (mastozoología, paleontología, zooarqueología), por lo que su mayor riqueza es de materiales esqueletarios de especies autóctonas y exóticas. En su mayor parte, la colección resguarda ejemplares de especies autóctonas de Argentina. Respecto de la representación taxonómica de estos, está integrada por 12 de los 13 órdenes actualmente reconocidos para nuestro país, y el 71% del total de géneros. La provincia mejor representada es la de Buenos Aires, con más del 50% de los ejemplares preservados. En un contexto más amplio, la colección posee, aunque en muy baja proporción, ejemplares de todos los continentes.Red de Museos de la Universidad Nacional de La Plat

Arte contemporáneo, inclusión y transformación social.

Actividad CePIAbierto (RHCD FA Nº 103/2018). El eje central del proyecto es una exposición de los procesos realizados en los talleres de artes del Centro Vida Nueva (San Juan) y el Centro Educativo Terapéutico Lihue Vidas (Córdoba), junto a una selección de sus producciones visuales. Tanto éstas producciones como su montaje se propone desde un planteo contemporáneo y ampliado de las artes visuales, donde diversas disciplinas (como pintura, fotografía, video, registro de experiencias, textos e instalaciones) y diversos campos no artísticos (como pedagógico, social, psicológico, etc) se entrecruzan y construyen de manera colaborativa la experiencia propuesta, rescatando y revalorizando sobre todo el proceso de trabajo y no sólo el resultado final. Se realizó también una charla-debate con lxs artistas que pone en cuestión ideas ejes que atraviesan el trabajo artístico de las personas con discapacidad, la valoración positiva de la diferencia, la importancia y necesidad de poner en práctica concreta la inclusión en los diferentes ámbitos educativos-artísticos-culturales. Por último, se pintó colectivamente un mural como modo de compartir una experiencia de creación colectiva, junto a lxs artistas expositorxs.Actividad CePIAbierto (RHCD FA Nº 103/2018). Una experiencia artística expositiva que propone pensar la discapacidad no como un problema, sino como una pregunta que nos despierta. Pinturas, dibujos, charlas y un mural colectivo, dan cuenta de un proceso de trabajo artístico y de encuentro entre diversas personas que comparten un mismo hacer y placer: pintar, dibujar (¡y bailar!).Fil: Tamagni, Julia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Centro Educativo Terapéutico Lihue Vidas; Argentina.Fil: Bula, Nadia. Centro Vida Nueva, Institución Aleluya-ARID.Fil: Maggio, Natalia. Universidad Católica de Cuyo. Centro Vida Nueva, Institución Aleluya-ARID.Fil: Scheidegger, Emiliano. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Artes; Argentina.Fil: Walter, Florencia. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Artes; Argentina.Fil: Belkys Scolamieri, Delia Lozano. Universidad Católica de Córdoba. Facultad de Educación. Apukay; Argentina

Mujeres políticas y violencia online: explorando la violencia semiótica a través de Twitter

Treballs finals del Màster en Análisi Política i Assessoria Institucional, Facultat de Dret, Universitat de Barcelona. Curs: 2023-2024. Tutor: Laia Castro Herrero.La presente investigación aborda el interrogante de en qué medida las mujeres políticas reciben violencia semiótica en el entorno online, y de qué tipo. A través de una aproximación cuantitativa, se estudia la recepción de violencia semiótica en Twitter por parte de diputadas españolas, en contexto de la elección general de la XVI Legislatura

Determinación de infección contra Avian avulavirus 19 en pingüinos del territorio antártico chileno durante el año 2017

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Médico VeterinarioEl Avian avulavirus 19 (APMV) es un paramixovirus descubierto y aislado en 2017 desde pingüinos de Papúa (Pygoscelis papua) en la Isla Kopaitic del Territorio Antártico Chileno. En esta investigación se realizó la técnica de inhibición de la hemaglutinación (HI) para medir la presencia de anticuerpos específicos para este virus en las tres especies de pingüinos Pygoscelis spp. Los sueros se obtuvieron desde 7 localidades; Cabo Shirreff, Isla Doumer, Punta Biscoe, Bahía Paraíso, Isla Lagotelerie, Isla Ardley e Isla Avian. De un total de 496 muestras procesadas solo 45 resultaron positivas (9%). Se obtuvo evidencia del virus en las tres especies estudiadas, para los pingüinos de Adelia (P. adeliae) 1/80 (1,25%); en el caso de los de barbijo (P. antarctica) 30/206 (14,6%); y por último los Papúa 14/210 (6,7%). En cuanto a los sitios estudiados, 4/7 resultaron positivos (Cabo Shirreff, Doumer, Punta Biscoe y Bahía Paraíso). Del total de sitios muestreados, se identificaron tres grupos con diferentes niveles de anticuerpos, lo cual fue estadísticamente significativo como alto, medio y negativo. En los sitios donde se obtuvo un número reducido de muestras, se realizó una estimación de la prevalencia: Punta Biscoe ≥20%; Isla Doumer ≥ 14,5% y en Bahía Paraíso ≥17%. Por otro lado, en Cabo Shirref, donde se obtuvo una mayor cantidad de muestras de barbijo, se obtuvo una prevalencia verdadera de 14,6%. En la Isla Ardley, Isla Lagotelerie e Isla Avian no se encontró evidencia de infección. En cuanto a los posibles medios de transmisión de este nuevo virus, se describe a las aves acuáticas migratorias como importantes diseminadores en el ambiente. De éstas, las más relevantes serían los salteadores (Stercorarius spp.), que depredan pingüinos y que están en contacto directo con éstos. En el caso del virus de Newcastle (NDV), las personas son su principal riesgo de transmisión. Mucho queda por descifrar en cuanto a su forma de transmisión. En conclusión, la hipótesis resultó ser verdadera debido a que se encontró evidencia de infección en las tres especies estudiadas. Esta investigación crea nuevas interrogantes, sería interesante descifrar la temperatura mínima a la que AVA 19 permanece infectivo, quizás las bajas temperaturas beneficien a este virus envuelto. Este es el primer trabajo donde se investiga la seroprevalencia de Avian avulavirus 19, futuros trabajos son necesarios para entender mejor la dinámica infecciosa de estos nuevos agentes.The Avian avulavirus 19 (APMV) is a paramyxovirus discovered and isolated in 2017 from Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) sampled in Kopaitic island, Chilean Antarctic territory. Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay were performed in order to measure the presence of specific antibodies for this virus in three species of Pygoscelis spp. The sera were obtained from 7 locations; Cape Shirreff, Doumer Island, Biscoe Point, Paradise Bay, Lagotelerie Island, Ardley Island and Avian Island. A total of 496 samples were tested, 45 (9%) were positive. Evidence of the virus infection was found on all three species. In the case of Adelie penguins (P. adeliae) 1 out of 80 (1.25%) were positive; for the Chinstrap penguins (P. antarctica) 30 out of 206 (14.6%); and finally, for the Gentoo penguins 14 out of 210 (6.7%) were positive. Overall results indicated that 4 locations were positive (Cape Shirreff, Doumer Island, Biscoe Point and Paradise Bay). From these sites, three groups with different antibody concentrations (high, medium and no antibodies) where identified, this was statistically significant. In the places where a few amounts of sera were obtained, it could only be performed an estimation of the prevalence. In Biscoe Point it’s ≥ 20%; ≥ 14.5% for Doumer Island and ≥ 17% in Paradise Bay. On the other hand, in Cape Shirreff, where a bigger amount of sera where sampled in Chinstrap penguins, a true prevalence of 14.6% were obtained. In the Ardley, Lagotelerie and Avian Islands no evidence of infection were found. As for the possible means of transmission of this new virus, it’s described in the literature that migratory waterfowl are important environment propagators of paramyxoviruses. The most relevant ones are skuas (Stercorarius spp.), which predate on penguins and are in direct contact with them. In the case of NDV people are the mains transmission risk. A lot remains unknown as for this virus transmission. In conclusion, the hypothesis proved positive because serological evidence was found on all three species. This research brings new questions. It would be interesting to figure out the minimum temperature in which AVA 19 remains infective, it may be possible that low temperatures benefit this enveloped virus. This is the first work where the seroprevalence of Avian avulavirus 19 is researched. Future works are needed to understand the infectious dynamics of these new agents.Proyecto INACH 46-1

Gravity driven flow for the precise control of hydrodynamic focusing

Hydrodynamic focusing is a key operation in microfluidics, withapplications that range from cell sorting and counting to mixing and reactions.For most of these operations, both stability and precise handling of thefocused stream are essential. However, these requirements are hardly attainedwhen fluids are supplied by syringe pumps, due to the unavoidable fluctuationsassociated to the driving mechanical system, namely the stepper motor and thelead screw. As an alternative, this work presents a platform for controlledhydrodynamic focusing driven by gravity. In advance to previous works were theuse of hydrostatic pressure has been proposed, here we describe a mathematicalmodel to quantitatively handle the flow stream widths as a function of thefluid reservoir heights. The model enables a fine tuning of flow rates,provided the hydrodynamic resistance of the whole circuit is known.Focusing experiments were carried out at different flow rate ratios inPMMA/OCA film hybrid chips with slit microchannels forming cross-shapedintersections. Results were compared to those obtained when fluids are infusedby syringe pumps to the same chips. It is demonstrated that the gravity driven systemis successful for attaining highly stable and well-defined flow streams. Then,the crystallization of calcium carbonate was implemented in the gravity-drivensystemas example of application. The reaction take place at the interface ofco-flowing streams that transport the respective reactants, hence differentfinal products are attained for different reservoir heights. Apart fromenabling accurate fluid handling and stability, the model-controlled platformis highly versatile to design new experiments, as well as to assist theoperator in practice.Fil: Minetti, Florencia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Olivares, María Laura. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaFil: Berli, Claudio Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Instituto de Desarrollo Tecnológico para la Industria Química; ArgentinaII Brazil-Argentine Microfluidics Congress y V Congreso de Microfluídica ArgentinaCórodobaArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computació