Mammites colibacillaires de la vache laitière : étude d'une série de 74 cas hospitalisés

Les mammites +- colibacillaires a sont souvent associées à une endotoxémie plus ou moins grave à l'origine de symptômes généraux. La perte de production laitière, l'évolution rapide et parfois fatale lors de mammites +- colibacillaires a ont des conséquences économiques considérables. Soixante quatorze vaches atteintes de mammites +- colibacillaires a et, hospitalisées à la Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire de Saint-Hyacinthe (Québec) de 1998 à 2003, ont été incluses dans une étude rétrospective. L'objectif était de relier la cause bactérienne (Escherichia coli et Klebsiella spp) avec les modifications hématologiques et biochimiques sanguines ainsi que différents critères cliniques dont la létalité ou la guérison. L'analyse de 144 variables n'a pas mis en évidence de différences selon l'agent causal. Néanmoins, deux méthodes pronostiques basées sur la gravité des symptômes généraux (VPP=63% et VPN=68.5%) et sur les résultats d'équations de variables hématologiques (VPP=44% et VPN=70%) ont été établies

Vers une surveillance des zoonoses associées aux rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Rats (Rattus spp.) are a source of a number of zoonotic pathogens responsible for morbidity and mortality worldwide. These species are particularly problematic with regards to rat associated health risks because rats are living in close contact with people leading to potentially rat disease transmission. Based on the "One Health" approach, surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in rats and other susceptible hosts should help to improve animal and human health. Our aim was to develop the surveillance of rat-associated zoonoses in a source species (Rattus norvegicus) and, in some target populations (cattle, dogs and pigs) as sentinels of human exposure. The screening methods including DNA microarray developed for the purpose of the "WildTech" project and the spatial distribution of the risk were the major themes in this work. They have been documented based on 181 rats captured in the administrative unit “département du Rhône” between 2010 and 2013 and, diagnostic data of leptospirosis in cattle, dogs and pigs, recorded at "Laboratoire des Leptospires – Lyon" between 2008 and 2012. The application of various screening methods (direct and indirect) for the purpose of surveillance were relevant and detected four potentially zoonotic pathogens circulating in rats, (hantavirus Seoul, hepatitis E virus, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii). Although the location of infected rats varied among a short geographic distance, Leptospira spp. and hantavirus Seoul were the predominant hazard with respectively 26%, IC95% = 20% -33% and 14%, IC95% = 8% -20% of infected rats. Their spatial distribution could be characterized with socio-economic indices and, regarding Leptospira-infected rats, a further study shown that the maintenance of strains was related to local and intrinsic factors. The study of leptospirosis in dogs and cattle revealed their increased exposure to the serogroup Australis, their heterogeneous spatial distribution and the significant increase of annual incidence in dogs. The same trends were observed in humans which underlines the relevance of surveillance of animal leptospirosis as sentinels of human exposure. All together, the information obtained contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of rat-associated zoonoses to support implementation of surveillance and public health decisions in the future.Le rat (Rattus spp.) est une source de nombreux pathogènes zoonotiques responsables de morbidité et de mortalité dans le monde. Ces espèces sont particulièrement problématiques en santé publique car leur mode de vie synanthrope favorise la proximité rat-Homme et la transmission potentielle de pathogènes. Selon l'approche « une seule santé », la surveillance sanitaire des rats et d'autres espèces animales sensibles devrait contribuer à améliorer la santé de ces dernières et de l'Homme. Notre objectif était de développer la surveillance des zoonoses associées aux rats chez une espèce source (R. norvegicus) et chez des espèces cibles (bovins, chiens et porcs) en tant que sentinelles de l'exposition de l'Homme. L'intérêt de méthodes de détection dont la micro-puce à ADN développée dans le cadre du projet européen « WildTech » et l'investigation de la distribution du risque étaient les thèmes majeurs de ces travaux. Ils ont été documentés à partir de 181 rats capturés dans le Rhône entre 2010 et 2013 et, de données diagnostiques de leptospiroses animales enregistrées au Laboratoire des Leptospires – Lyon entre 2008 et 2012. Les méthodes de détection directes et indirectes utilisées à des fins de surveillance ont montré leur intérêt par la mise en évidence de quatre pathogènes potentiellement zoonotiques chez les rats (Hantavirus Séoul, virus de l'hépatite E, Leptospira spp. et Toxoplasma gondii). Malgré la spatialisation hétérogène des statuts infectieux, Leptospira spp. et l'hantavirus Séoul étaient les dangers prédominants avec respectivement, 26%, CI95%=20%-33% et 14%, CI95%=8%-20% de rats infectés par ces agents. Leur distribution spatiale a été caractérisée par des indices socio-économiques et, dans le cas des infections par les leptospires, une étude approfondie des souches circulantes a montré que leur persistance relevait de facteurs locaux, intrinsèques à la colonie. L'étude des leptospiroses animales (chiens et bovins) suggère leur exposition accrue au sérogroupe Australis, leur distribution spatiale hétérogène et une croissance significative de l'incidence annuelle canine. Ces trois observations également rapportées chez l'Homme soulignent l'intérêt de la surveillance de ces espèces en tant que sentinelles. Les informations obtenues par l'ensemble des méthodes appliquées contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de l'épidémiologie des zoonoses associées aux rats et de la leptospirose en particulier, afin d'orienter la mise en œuvre de leur surveillance et les décisions de santé publique à venir

Leptospira, élevages et écosystèmes : ce que les données de laboratoire nous disent

International audienceL’infection par les leptospires pathogènes en élevage soulève deux questions d’actualité. La première est une question économique relative aux pertes de production qui doivent être réduites pour optimiser la marge financière des éleveurs. La seconde est une question de santé publique relative à la composante zoonotique des leptospires infectant les animaux de production et à l’enregistrement d’un nombre croissant de leptospiroses humaines en lien avec une exposition aux animaux de rente. Ces questions restent ouvertes aujourd’hui en France. Cependant l’analyse des données de laboratoire peut apporter des éléments pertinents pour mieux gérer les infections en élevag

PCR detection and analyzis of potentially zoonotic Hepatitis E virus in French rats

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis E virus has been detected in a wide range of animals. While Genotypes 1-2 of this virus infect only humans, 3-4 can spread from animals to humans and cause sporadic cases of human disease. Pig, and possibly also rats, may act as a reservoir for virus. From a public health perspective it is important to clarify the role of rats for infection of humans. Rats often live close to humans and are therefore of special interest to public health. Rats live of waste and inside the sewage system and may become infected. Reports of hepatitis E virus in rats have been published but not from France. The possibility that rats in an urban area in France were Hepatitis E virus infected, with which type and relationship to other strains was investigated. This study provides information important to public health and better understanding the occurrence of hepatitis E virus in the environment. Eighty one rats (Rattus Norvegicus) were captured, euthanized, sampled (liver and faeces) and analyzed by real-time RT-PCR’s, one specific for Hepatitis E virus in rats and one specific for genotype 1-4 that that is known to infect humans. Positive samples were analyzed by a nested broad spectrum RT-PCR, sequenced and compared with sequences in Genbank. FINDINGS: Twelve liver and 11 faeces samples out of 81 liver and 81 faeces samples from 81 captured rats were positive in the PCR specific for Hepatitis E virus in rats and none in the PCR specific for genotype 1-4. Comparison by nucleotide BLAST showed a maximum of 87% similarity to Hepatitis E virus previously detected in rats and significantly less to genotype 1-4. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study demonstrating that rats in France carries hepatitis E virus and provide information regarding its relation to other virus strains previously detected in rats and other host animals world-wide. Genotype 1-4 was not detected

Main Recent Contributions to SHS from France

International audienceBoth in situ TRXRD and IR thermography, on the one hand, and different levels of modeling, on the other, have generated a strong progress in the knowledge and control of numerous SHS reactions. The SHS of simple binary materials, such as intermetallics (FeAl, MoSi2, NbAl3, etc.), oxides (e.g. ZrO2), carbides (e.g. SiC) or nitrides, more complex materials, such as mullite, SiAlONs, MAX phases, composites (SiO2-Al2O3, NiAl-ZrO2 ), powders in their more complicated states, such as well controlled microstructures, fully densified intermetallics, smart composites, and hard coatings carried out by GFA researchers greatly contributed to the worldwide competition to harness the potential of SHS. On the occasion of the 40th anniversary of SHS, this paper is giving an overview of the main results obtained by GFA over the last ten years

Genetic diversity of Leptospira strains circulating in humans and dogs in France in 2019-2021

Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease. Humans and dogs are susceptible hosts, with similar clinical manifestations ranging from a febrile phase to multiple organ dysfunction. The incidence of leptospirosis in mainland France is relatively high, at about 1 case per 100,000 inhabitants, but our knowledge of the strains circulating in humans and dogs remains limited. We studied the polymorphism of the lfb1 gene sequences in an exhaustive database, to facilitate the identification of Leptospira strains. We identified 46 species-groups (SG) encompassing the eight pathogenic species of Leptospira. We sequenced the lfb1 gene amplification products from 170 biological samples collected from 2019 to 2021: 110 from humans and 60 from dogs. Epidemiological data, including vaccination status in dogs, were also collected. Three Leptospira species displaying considerable diversity were identified: L. interrogans, with eight lfb1 species-groups (including five new lfb1 species-groups) in humans and dogs; L. kirschneri, with two lfb1 species-groups in humans and dogs; and L. borgpetersenii, with one lfb1 species-group in humans only. The lfb1 species-group L. interrogans SG1, corresponding to serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae or Copenhageni, was frequently retrieved from both humans and dogs (n=67/110; 60.9% and n=59/60; 98.3% respectively). A high proportion of the affected dogs developed the disease despite vaccination (n=30/60; 50%). Genotyping with the polymorphic lfb1 gene is both robust and simple. This approach provided the first global picture of the Leptospira strains responsible for acute infections in mainland France, based on biological samples but without the need for culture. Identification of the Leptospira strains circulating and their changes over time will facilitate more precise epidemiological monitoring of susceptible and reservoir species. It should also facilitate the monitoring of environmental contamination, making it possible to implement preventive measures and to reduce the burden of this disease

Evaluation using latent class models of the diagnostic performances of three ELISA tests commercialized for the serological diagnosis of <i>Coxiella burnetii</i> infection in domestic ruminants

International audienceELISA methods are the diagnostic tools recommended for the serological diagnosis of Coxiella burnetii infection in ruminants but their respective diagnostic performances are difficult to assess because of the absence of a gold standard. This study focused on three commercial ELISA tests with the following objectives (1) assess their sensitivity and specificity in sheep, goats and cattle, (2) assess the between-and within-herd seroprevalence distribution in these species, accounting for diagnostic errors, and (3) estimate optimal sample sizes considering sensitivity and specificity at herd level. We comparatively tested 1413 cattle, 1474 goat and 1432 sheep serum samples collected in France. We analyzed the cross-classified test results with a hierarchical zero-inflated beta-binomial latent class model considering each herd as a population and conditional dependence as a fixed effect. Potential biases and coverage probabilities of the model were assessed by simulation. Conditional dependence for truly seropositive animals was high in all species for two of the three ELISA methods. Specificity estimates were high, ranging from 94.8% [92.1; 97.8] to 99.2% [98.5; 99.7], whereas sensitivity estimates were generally low, ranging from 39.3 [30.7; 47.0] to 90.5% [83.3; 93.8]. Betweenand within-herd seroprevalence estimates varied greatly among geographic areas and herds. Overall, goats showed higher within-herd seroprevalence levels than sheep and cattle. The optimal sample size maximizing both herd sensitivity and herd specificity varied from 3 to at least 20 animals depending on the test and ruminant species. This study provides better interpretation of three widely used commercial ELISA tests and will make it possible to optimize their implementation in future studies. The methodology developed may likewise be applied to other human or animal diseases

Move towards a surveillance of rat-associated-zoonoses (Rattus norvegicus)

Le rat (Rattus spp.) est une source de nombreux pathogènes zoonotiques responsables de morbidité et de mortalité dans le monde. Ces espèces sont particulièrement problématiques en santé publique car leur mode de vie synanthrope favorise la proximité rat-Homme et la transmission potentielle de pathogènes. Selon l'approche « une seule santé », la surveillance sanitaire des rats et d'autres espèces animales sensibles devrait contribuer à améliorer la santé de ces dernières et de l'Homme. Notre objectif était de développer la surveillance des zoonoses associées aux rats chez une espèce source (R. norvegicus) et chez des espèces cibles (bovins, chiens et porcs) en tant que sentinelles de l'exposition de l'Homme. L'intérêt de méthodes de détection dont la micro-puce à ADN développée dans le cadre du projet européen « WildTech » et l'investigation de la distribution du risque étaient les thèmes majeurs de ces travaux. Ils ont été documentés à partir de 181 rats capturés dans le Rhône entre 2010 et 2013 et, de données diagnostiques de leptospiroses animales enregistrées au Laboratoire des Leptospires – Lyon entre 2008 et 2012. Les méthodes de détection directes et indirectes utilisées à des fins de surveillance ont montré leur intérêt par la mise en évidence de quatre pathogènes potentiellement zoonotiques chez les rats (Hantavirus Séoul, virus de l'hépatite E, Leptospira spp. et Toxoplasma gondii). Malgré la spatialisation hétérogène des statuts infectieux, Leptospira spp. et l'hantavirus Séoul étaient les dangers prédominants avec respectivement, 26%, CI95%=20%-33% et 14%, CI95%=8%-20% de rats infectés par ces agents. Leur distribution spatiale a été caractérisée par des indices socio-économiques et, dans le cas des infections par les leptospires, une étude approfondie des souches circulantes a montré que leur persistance relevait de facteurs locaux, intrinsèques à la colonie. L'étude des leptospiroses animales (chiens et bovins) suggère leur exposition accrue au sérogroupe Australis, leur distribution spatiale hétérogène et une croissance significative de l'incidence annuelle canine. Ces trois observations également rapportées chez l'Homme soulignent l'intérêt de la surveillance de ces espèces en tant que sentinelles. Les informations obtenues par l'ensemble des méthodes appliquées contribuent à une meilleure compréhension de l'épidémiologie des zoonoses associées aux rats et de la leptospirose en particulier, afin d'orienter la mise en œuvre de leur surveillance et les décisions de santé publique à venir.Rats (Rattus spp.) are a source of a number of zoonotic pathogens responsible for morbidity and mortality worldwide. These species are particularly problematic with regards to rat associated health risks because rats are living in close contact with people leading to potentially rat disease transmission. Based on the "One Health" approach, surveillance of zoonotic pathogens in rats and other susceptible hosts should help to improve animal and human health. Our aim was to develop the surveillance of rat-associated zoonoses in a source species (Rattus norvegicus) and, in some target populations (cattle, dogs and pigs) as sentinels of human exposure. The screening methods including DNA microarray developed for the purpose of the "WildTech" project and the spatial distribution of the risk were the major themes in this work. They have been documented based on 181 rats captured in the administrative unit “département du Rhône” between 2010 and 2013 and, diagnostic data of leptospirosis in cattle, dogs and pigs, recorded at "Laboratoire des Leptospires – Lyon" between 2008 and 2012. The application of various screening methods (direct and indirect) for the purpose of surveillance were relevant and detected four potentially zoonotic pathogens circulating in rats, (hantavirus Seoul, hepatitis E virus, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii). Although the location of infected rats varied among a short geographic distance, Leptospira spp. and hantavirus Seoul were the predominant hazard with respectively 26%, IC95% = 20% -33% and 14%, IC95% = 8% -20% of infected rats. Their spatial distribution could be characterized with socio-economic indices and, regarding Leptospira-infected rats, a further study shown that the maintenance of strains was related to local and intrinsic factors. The study of leptospirosis in dogs and cattle revealed their increased exposure to the serogroup Australis, their heterogeneous spatial distribution and the significant increase of annual incidence in dogs. The same trends were observed in humans which underlines the relevance of surveillance of animal leptospirosis as sentinels of human exposure. All together, the information obtained contributes to a better understanding of the epidemiology of rat-associated zoonoses to support implementation of surveillance and public health decisions in the future

Preparation of ZnO filters via SHS of ZnS monoliths

International audienc