EFICÁCIA DE TERRA DE DIATOMÁCEA E TEMPERATURA PARA O CONTROLE DO GORGULHO-DO-MILHO EM MILHO ARMAZENADO

Treatment with diatomaceous earth (DE) is an efficient insect control technique in integrated pest management programs of stored grain. Its main advantages are: low toxicity to mammals and long lasting efficacy. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of DE under different doses and temperatures to control Sitophilus zeamais in stored maize. In vials with 100 g of clean and dry corn kernels, 30 non-sexed 7-14 day-old adults of S. zeamais were submitted to the following treatments in three replicates: DE (Keepdry®) at 500, 750 and 1000 mg kg-1, at 15, 25 and 30 °C. The mortality was evaluated from the 1st to the 28th day. After this period, the adults were removed and the progeny was kept until the 56th day, when the insects were counted and the grain moisture content evaluated. The effect of temperature on S. zeamais mortality was significant for the three DE doses. The 750 and 1000 mg kg-1 doses caused the highest mortality at 25 °C and 30 °C, but with no significant difference between them. The progeny development was significantly higher in the control compared to the treatments with DE; there was no significant difference in the number of progeny among the three DE doses at any of the temperatures studied. The results support the use of DE as an effective grain protectant against S. zeamais in stored corn.O tratamento com Terra de Diatomácea (TD) é uma técnica eficiente para o controle de insetos em programa de manejo integrado de grãos armazenados. Suas principais vantagens são: baixa toxicidade para mamíferos e períodos de eficácia mais longos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de TD em diferentes doses e temperaturas para o controle de Sitophilus zeamais em milho armazenado. Em frascos com 100 g de milho limpo e seco, foram colocados 30 adultos de S. zeamais não sexados de 7 a 14 dias de idade, e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos com três repetições: TD (Keepdry®) a 500, 750 e 1000 mg kg-1, mantidos a 15, 25 e 30 °C. A mortalidade foi avaliada entre o 1° e o 28° dia. Após este período, os adultos foram removidos e a progênie mantida até o 56° dia quando foi contado o número de insetos e avaliado o teor de umidade dos grãos. O efeito da temperatura na mortalidade S. zeamais foi significativo para as três doses de TD. As doses de 750 e 1000 mg kg-1 proporcionaram a maior mortalidade a 25 °C e 30 °C, mas sem diferenças significativas entre elas. O desenvolvimento da progênie foi altamente significativo no controle comparado ao grão tratado com TD; não foi constatada diferença significativa na progênie entre as três doses de TD nas temperaturas estudadas. Os resultados suportam o uso de TD como um protetor eficiente para o controle de S. zeamais em milho armazenado

Resfriamento artificial para o controle de Coleoptera em arroz armazenado em silo metálico

Resfriamento artificial para o controle de Coleoptera em arroz armazenado em silo metálico. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do resfriamento artificial de grãos de arroz para o controle de coleópteros-praga. O ar frio foi insuflado pelo sistema de aeração em um silo metálico com arroz-em-casca. A avaliação do tratamento foi feita quinzenalmente usando armadilhas caladores. As espécies de Coleoptera capturadas foram: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (60%); Cryptolestes ferrugineus (9%); Rhyzopertha dominica (16,5%) e Sitophilus spp. (0,5%). Aos 28 dias, a temperatura média da massa de grãos era de 15&ordm;C, e o número médio de insetos havia diminuído 76,8%. A aplicação de ar frio manteve as populações sob controle por aproximadamente 60 dias. Os resultados do monitoramento dos insetos e da temperatura indicaram que um novo ciclo de ar frio deveria ser aplicado nesse período para manter as populações sob controle. Também o manejo adequado da massa de grãos faz-se necessário para garantir resultados satisfatórios do resfriamento artificial.<br>Artificial chilling to control Coleoptera in paddy rice stored in metallic silo. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of artificial chilling for the control of coleopterans in stored paddy rice. The cold air was insufflated through the aeration system of a metallic silo with paddy rice. Evaluation of insect number was made every 15 days using probe traps. The species of Coleoptera captured were: Oryzaephilus surinamensis (60%); Cryptolestes ferrugineus (9%); Rhyzopertha dominica (16.5%) and Sitophilus spp. (0.5%). By the 28th day the average temperature of the grain mass was 15ºC, and the mean number of insects decreased 76.8%. The cold air application kept the insect populations under control for approximately 60 days. The results of temperature and insect monitoring indicated that a new cycle of cold air should be applied by that time to keep the populations under control. Also, an adequate grain management is necessary to guarantee satisfactory results of artificial cooling

Eficácia de terra de diatomácea e temperatura para o controle do gorgulho-do-milho em milho armazenado

O tratamento com Terra de Diatomácea (TD) é uma técnica eficiente para o controle de insetos em programa de manejo integrado de grãos armazenados. Suas principais vantagens são: baixa toxicidade para mamíferos e períodos de eficácia mais longos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia de TD em diferentes doses e temperaturas para o controle de Sitophilus zeamais em milho armazenado. Em frascos com 100 g de milho limpo e seco, foram colocados 30 adultos de S. zeamais não sexados de 7 a 14 dias de idade, e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos com três repetições: TD (Keepdry®) a 500, 750 e 1000 mg kg-1, mantidos a 15, 25 e 30 °C. A mortalidade foi avaliada entre o 1° e o 28° dia. Após este período, os adultos foram removidos e a progênie mantida até o 56° dia quando foi contado o número de insetos e avaliado o teor de umidade dos grãos. O efeito da temperatura na mortalidade S. zeamais foi significativo para as três doses de TD. As doses de 750 e 1000 mg kg-1 proporcionaram a maior mortalidade a 25 °C e 30 °C, mas sem diferenças significativas entre elas. O desenvolvimento da progênie foi altamente significativo no controle comparado ao grão tratado com TD; não foi constatada diferença significativa na progênie entre as três doses de TD nas temperaturas estudadas. Os resultados suportam o uso de TD como um protetor eficiente para o controle de S. zeamais em milho armazenado

Influence of different fertilization systems on nutritional composition of corn Zea mays L. (Poaceae) and the effects to attack of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to storage product

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência da composição nutricional de grãos de diferentes cultivares de milho, cultivados em diferentes sistemas de adubação, sobre a resistência do grão seco ao gorgulho-do milho Sitophilus zeamais. Foram plantadas cinco cultivares de milho (EMCAPA 201, EMCAPA 202, Composto 1, Composto 2 e AG 405), sob quatro sistemas de adubação: orgânica, mineral, orgânica e mineral combinadas, e em ausência de adubação. Durante o período do florescimento feminino avaliou-se os teores dos minerais foliares. Após a colheita, avaliou-se a produção de grãos, o teor de umidade, de cinzas, lipídios, proteínas e carboidratos. A resistência das cultivares foi avaliada através de parâmetros biológicos do inseto (ciclo biológico, número de insetos emergidos e peso dos adultos), índice de suscetibilidade e pela perda de peso da matéria seca dos grãos provocada pelos insetos. Em ausência de adubação todas as cultivares, de modo geral, apresentaram os menores teores foliares de minerais. A maior produtividade foi obtida nas parcelas com adubação combinada, e as menores sob ausência de adubação. Os teores de cinzas, lipídios e proteínas foram menores na ausência de adubação, enquanto o de carboidratos foi maior neste sistema. O teor de cinzas, que reflete o teor de minerais, foi maior nas adubações orgânica e combinada. O teor de proteínas foi maior na adubação combinada. Os resultados não indicaram a existência de um efeito significativo da composição nutricional dos grãos das diferentes cultivares sobre o desenvolvimento, reprodução e índice de suscetibilidade, provavelmente devido à base genética pouco distinta entre as cultivares testadas.The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of nutritional composition of grains of different corn cultivars produced under different fertilization systems on resistance of dry kernel against the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais. Five cultivars of corn were planted (EMCAPA 201, EMCAPA 202, Composto 1, Composto 2, and AG 405), under four fertilization systems: organic, mineral, organic and mineral combined, and in absence of fertilizer.The contents of minerals leaves were evaluated during the period of the feminine florescence. After harvesting, grain production, moisture content, ashes, lipids, proteins and carbohydrates were evaluated. The resistance level of the cultivars was evaluated based on biological parameters of the insect (biological cycle, number of emerged insects and adult weight), susceptibility index, and on grain weight loss caused by insect feeding. In absence of fertilization all the cultivars, in general, present a minor contents of leave minerals. The highest grain production was obtained from the plot with combined fertilization, and the lowest in the unfertilized plot. The content of ashes, lipids and proteins were lower in the kernels from the area without fertilizer, while the carbohydrate levels were higher in this system. The ash content, that reflects minerals levels in the grain, was higher in the organic and combined fertilization areas. The protein levels were higher under combined fertilization. The results did not indicate the existence of a significant effect of the nutritional composition of the grains of different cultivars on development, reproduction and susceptibility index, probably due to the narrow genetic bases of the cultivars tested here

COVID-19 ICU mortality prediction: a machine learning approach using SuperLearner algorithm

Background: Since the beginning of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the development of predictive models has sparked relevant interest due to the initial lack of knowledge about diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. The present study aimed at developing a model, through a machine learning approach, to predict intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in COVID-19 patients based on predefined clinical parameters. Results: Observational multicenter cohort study. All COVID-19 adult patients admitted to 25 ICUs belonging to the VENETO ICU network (February 28th 2020-april 4th 2021) were enrolled. Patients admitted to the ICUs before 4th March 2021 were used for model training (“training set”), while patients admitted after the 5th of March 2021 were used for external validation (“test set 1”). A further group of patients (“test set 2”), admitted to the ICU of IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico of Milan, was used for external validation. A SuperLearner machine learning algorithm was applied for model development, and both internal and external validation was performed. Clinical variables available for the model were (i) age, gender, sequential organ failure assessment score, Charlson Comorbidity Index score (not adjusted for age), Palliative Performance Score; (ii) need of invasive mechanical ventilation, non-invasive mechanical ventilation, O2 therapy, vasoactive agents, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, continuous venous-venous hemofiltration, tracheostomy, re-intubation, prone position during ICU stay; and (iii) re-admission in ICU. One thousand two hundred ninety-three (80%) patients were included in the “training set”, while 124 (8%) and 199 (12%) patients were included in the “test set 1” and “test set 2,” respectively. Three different predictive models were developed. Each model included different sets of clinical variables. The three models showed similar predictive performances, with a training balanced accuracy that ranged between 0.72 and 0.90, while the cross-validation performance ranged from 0.75 to 0.85. Age was the leading predictor for all the considered model

Benchmarking postoperative outcomes after open liver surgery for cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a national cohort

Background: Benchmark analysis for open liver surgery for cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still undefined. Methods: Patients were identified from the Italian national registry HE.RC.O.LE.S. The Achievable Benchmark of Care(ABC) method was employed to identify the benchmarks. The outcomes assessed were the rate of complications, major comorbidities, post-operative ascites(POA), post-hepatectomy liver failure(PHLF), 90-day mortality, rate of R0 and the length of stay. Benchmarking was stratified for surgical complexity(CP1, CP2 and CP3). Results: A total of 978 of 2698 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 431(44.1%) patients were treated with CP1 procedures, 239(24.4%) with CP2 and 308(31.5%) with CP3 procedures. Patients submitted to CP1 had a worse underlying liver function, while the tumor burden was more severe in CP3 cases. The ABC for complications(13.1%, 19.2% and 28.1% for CP1, CP2 and CP3 respectively), major complications(7.6%, 11.1%, 12.5%) and 90-day mortality (0%, 3.3%, 3.6%) increased with the surgical difficulty, but not POA (4.4%, 3.3% and 2.6% respectively) and PHLF (0% for all groups). Conclusions: We propose benchmarks for open liver resections in HCC cirrhotic patients, stratified for surgical complexity. The difference between the benchmark values and the results obtained during everyday practice reflects the room for potential growth, with the aim to encourage constant improvement among liver surgeons

Effects of pre‐operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study

We aimed to determine the impact of pre-operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery during the global SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. We performed an international prospective cohort study including patients undergoing elective surgery in October 2020. Isolation was defined as the period before surgery during which patients did not leave their house or receive visitors from outside their household. The primary outcome was postoperative pulmonary complications, adjusted in multivariable models for measured confounders. Pre-defined sub-group analyses were performed for the primary outcome. A total of 96,454 patients from 114 countries were included and overall, 26,948 (27.9%) patients isolated before surgery. Postoperative pulmonary complications were recorded in 1947 (2.0%) patients of which 227 (11.7%) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Patients who isolated pre-operatively were older, had more respiratory comorbidities and were more commonly from areas of high SARS-CoV-2 incidence and high-income countries. Although the overall rates of postoperative pulmonary complications were similar in those that isolated and those that did not (2.1% vs 2.0%, respectively), isolation was associated with higher rates of postoperative pulmonary complications after adjustment (adjusted OR 1.20, 95%CI 1.05-1.36, p = 0.005). Sensitivity analyses revealed no further differences when patients were categorised by: pre-operative testing; use of COVID-19-free pathways; or community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence. The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications increased with periods of isolation longer than 3 days, with an OR (95%CI) at 4-7 days or &gt;= 8 days of 1.25 (1.04-1.48), p = 0.015 and 1.31 (1.11-1.55), p = 0.001, respectively. Isolation before elective surgery might be associated with a small but clinically important increased risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Longer periods of isolation showed no reduction in the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. These findings have significant implications for global provision of elective surgical care

Constraints on the KS0→μ+μ−K^0_S \rightarrow \mu^+ \mu^- Branching Fraction

International audienceA search for the decay KS0→μ+μ- is performed using proton-proton collision data, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 5.6  fb-1 and collected with the LHCb experiment during 2016, 2017, and 2018 at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The observed signal yield is consistent with zero, yielding an upper limit of B(KS0→μ+μ-)<2.2×10-10 at 90% C.L.. The limit reduces to B(KS0→μ+μ-)<2.1×10-10 at 90% C.L. once combined with the result from data taken in 2011 and 2012