Deconstructing the outsider puzzle: The legitimation journey of novelty

The proposition that outsiders often are crucial carriers of novelty into an established institutional field has received wide empirical support. But an equally compelling proposition points to the following puzzle: the very same conditions that enhance outsiders' ability to make novel contributions also hinder their ability to carry them out. We seek to address this puzzle by examining the contextual circumstances that affect the legitimation of novelty originating from a noncertified outsider that challenged the status quo in an established institutional field. Our research case material is John Harrison's introduction of a new mechanical method for measuring longitude at sea-the marine chronometer- which challenged the dominant astronomical approach.We find that whether an outsider's new offer gains or is denied legitimacy is influenced by (1) the outsider's agency to further a new offer, (2) the existence of multiple audiences with different dispositions toward this offer, and (3) the occurrence of an exogenous jolt that helps create a more receptive social space. We organize these insights into a multilevel conceptual framework that builds on previouswork but attributes a more decisive role to the interplay between endogenous and exogenous variables in shaping a field's shifting receptiveness to novelty. The framework exposes the interdependencies between the micro-, meso-, and macro-level processes that jointly affect an outsider's efforts to introduce novelty into an existing field

The effects of having more than one good reputation on distributor investments in the film industry

Reputations of organizations and its individual members are valuable resources that help new organizations to get access to investment capital. Reputations, however, can have different dimensions. In this paper, we argue that an individual’s reputation along a particular dimension will have a positive effect on the behavior of investors when it is role congruent. In addition, we argue that also scoring favorably on the role-incongruent dimension at the same time—or, in other words, engaging in reputational category spanning—will weaken the positive effect of the role-congruent reputation. Our empirical setting is the film industry where we study the effect of the two main dimensions of reputation in cultural industries, artistic and commercial, of both directors and producers on the size of the investment by distributors. In this study, artistic reputation is based on professional critics’ reviews and commercial reputation on box office performance of the films in which individuals were involved in the past. We find that the commercial reputation of a film producer based on past box office performance has a positive effect on the size of the investment by film distributors. In addition, we find that directors who at the same time combine both a favorable commercial as well as an artistic reputation actually receive a lower investment from film distributors

School as a "protective factor" against drugs: perceptions of adolescents and teachers La escuela como "factor protector" para las drogas: una visión de adolescentes y maestros A escola como "fator de proteção" para drogas: uma visão dos adolescentes e professores

This study aims to discover and describe protective factors regarding the use of drugs, according to teachers and students, aged 14 to 15 years, from a Public Secondary School in Santiago de Querétaro, Mexico. This is a descriptive and exploratory study. Data collection was carried out through semi-structure interview and non-participative observation with ten students and five teachers. Three themes resulted from data analysis: school and school's environment: the school does not provide a healthy environment; use of drugs: perceived by both the students and teachers in the institution itself; prevention programs: there are health promotion and prevention programs available at the school. According to the students' and teachers' perceptions, the school represents a risk factor.<br>El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo conocer y describir los factores protectores en relación con el consumo de drogas, que son considerados por los profesores y alumnos entre 14 y 15 años de edad, de una escuela pública de la ciudad de Santiago de Querétaro, México. Este estudio descriptivo y exploratorio utilizó entrevistas semi-estructuradas y observación no participativa, las cuales fueron aplicadas a 10 alumnos y 5 profesores. Del análisis de los datos surgen tres temáticas: escuela y ambiente escolar: la escuela no favorece un ambiente escolar saludable; consumo de drogas: se observa que tanto los alumnos y maestros consumen drogas en la institución; programas de prevención: la escuela tiene programas de prevención y promoción a la salud, pero no alcanzan a todos los alumnos. Los resultados refieren que la escuela es un factor de riesgo según la visión de profesores y alumnos.<br>O objetivo deste trabalho foi conhecer e descrever os fatores de proteção em relação ao consumo de drogas, considerado por professores e adolescentes, entre 14 e 15 anos de idade, de uma Escola Pública Secundária na cidade de Santiago de Querétaro, México. Este estudo descritivo e exploratório utilizou entrevista semi-estruturada e a observação não participativa na coleta de dados. Os sujeitos do estudo foram dez alunos, ambos os sexos, e cinco professores do sexo feminino. Os resultados foram agrupados em três temas: escola e ambiente escolar: interpretado como a escola não favorece um ambiente saudável; consumo de drogas: é percebido tanto por alunos como professores na própria instituição; programas de prevenção: a escola possui programa de prevenção, entretanto, o mesmo não atinge a todos os alunos. Na visão dos adolescentes e professores, a escola não se apresenta como Fator de Proteção, mas sim como Fator de Risco

A experiência da perimenopausa e pós-menopausa com mulheres que fazem uso ou não da terapia de reposição hormonal Peri-menopausal and post-menopausal experience among women with and without hormone replacement therapy

Este estudo, uma pesquisa qualitativa, tem por objetivo conhecer o significado da perimenopausa/pós-menopausa e o vivenciar de seus sinais e sintomas para mulheres que usam ou não a terapia de reposição hormonal (TRH). Os dados empíricos foram obtidos por meio de entrevista realizada com 11 mulheres, de 45 a 59 anos de idade, usuárias ou não de TRH e freqüentadoras de diferentes serviços de saúde no Município de São Paulo, Brasil. A análise foi realizada por meio da hermenêutica. Os resultados mais significativos revelam que as mulheres que não fazem uso da TRH apresentam os sintomas da perimenopausa, mas convivem com eles; as mulheres que fazem uso da isoflavona procuram por terapias alternativas para os sintomas que as incomodam; ao passo que as mulheres sob o uso da TRH declaram uma sensação de bem estar. O artigo sugere a importância de capacitar os profissionais da área de saúde para compreenderem que a perimenopausa e a pós-menopausa fazem parte do processo de envelhecimento e, portanto, devem ser consideradas como processo vital e não patológico.<br>This qualitative study focuses on peri-menopausal and post-menopausal experience and its signs and symptoms for women with and without use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Empirical data were obtained through interviews with 11 women (range: 45 to 59 years) with or without HRT at different health clinics in the Municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. The analysis used the hermeneutic method. Most significantly, women who are not on HRT present peri-menopausal symptoms, but they "live with" such symptoms; meanwhile, women in use of isoflavone rely on alternative therapies for the bothersome symptoms; women using HRT report a feeling of wellbeing. The article suggests the importance of training health professionals to understand the peri-menopausal and post-menopausal periods as part of the aging process, and thus as a vital rather than pathological process

Profile of paediatric rheumatology specialists and services in the state of Sao Paulo

Introduction: Paediatric rheumatology (PR) is an emerging specialty, practised by a limited number of specialists. Currently, there is neither a record of the profile of rheumatology patients being treated in Brazil nor data on the training of qualified rheumatology professionals in the country. Objective: To investigate the profile of PR specialists and services, as well as the characteristics of paediatric patients with rheumatic diseases, for estimating the current state of rheumatology in the state of Sao Paulo. Patients and methods: In 2010, the scientific department of PR of the Paediatric Society of Sao Paulo administered a questionnaire that was answered by 24/31 accredited specialists in PR practising in state of Sao Paulo and by 8/21 institutions that provide PR care. Results: Most (91%) of the surveyed professionals practise in public institutions. Private clinics (28.6%) and public institutions (37.5%) reported not having access to nailfold capillaroscopy, and 50% of the private clinics reported not having access to acupuncture. The average duration of professional practise in PR was 9.4 years, and 67% of the physicians had attended postgraduate programmes. Seven (87.5%) public institutions perform teaching activities, in which new paediatric rheumatologists are trained, and five (62.5%) offer post-graduate programmes. Two-thirds of the surveyed specialists use immunosuppressants and biological agents classified as "restricted use" by the Health Secretariat. The disease most frequently reported was juvenile idiopathic arthritis (29.1-34.5%), followed by juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (JSLE) (11.6-12.3%) and rheumatic fever (9.1-15.9%). The incidence of vasculitis (including Henoch-Schonlein purpura, Wegener's granulomatosis, and Takayasu's arteritis) and autoinflammatory syndromes was higher in public institutions compared to other institutions (P = 0.03, P = 0.04, P = 0.002, and P < 0.0001, respectively). Patients with JSLE had the highest mortality rate (68% of deaths), mainly due to infection. Conclusion: The field of PR in the state of Sao Paulo has a significant number of specialists with postgraduate degrees who mostly practise at teaching institutions with infrastructures appropriate for the care of high-complexity patients. (C) 2013 Elsevier Editora Ltda. All rights reserved.53434635