Resposta da grama esmeralda em função de diferentes fertilizantes e substratos

A grama esmeralda necessita de todos os macro e micronutrientes essenciais para seu bom desenvolvimento, contudo não existem recomendações oficiais de adubação para a espécie e ainda, para melhor aproveitamento dos mesmos, ela deve ser instalada em substratos adequados. Assim o presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a resposta da grama esmeralda em função de diferentes fertilizantes e substratos. O experimento foi desenvolvido na UNESP-Ilha Solteira/SP, sendo utilizados cinco substratos: S1- solo; S2- solo + areia (2:1); S3- solo + composto orgânico (1:1); S4- solo + composto orgânico + areia (2:1:1); S5- composto orgânico + areia (3:1), instalados em contêineres de 8,46 L, e posteriormente implantada a grama esmeralda sobre cada substrato. As adubações realizadas foram: 60 g m-2 de NPK (10-10-10) e 125 g m-2 de Forth Jardim®, sendo mantido um tratamento sem adubação (testemunha). Realizou-se análises do teor de clorofila das folhas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea. Foi observado que houve resposta da grama esmeralda em função dos fertilizantes e substratos, sendo que S5 adubado com NPK apresentou maiores valores de clorofila (20,81 CCI), e quando adubado com Forth Jardim® constatou maior massa fresca e seca (1,47 e 0,74 kg m-2 respectivamente), contudo, maior massa produzida implica em maiores gastos de corte de manutenção do gramado. Conclui-se ainda que as adubações realizadas com NPK e Forth Jardim® proporcionaram resultados superiores a testemunha, mostrando a importância da adubação para manutenção para a estética da grama esmeralda

Floriferous herbaceous and substrates for use on extensive green roofs

In general, extensive green roofs are defined as all cover covered with herbaceous vegetation and surface substratum, however, in Brazil there are few information regarding the materials for installation and maintenance of these systems, being essential the search for better species and substrates adapted to the tropical conditions. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the performance of floriferous herbaceous and substrates for use in extensive green roofs. The experiment was carried out in the field and in full sunlight, in black plastic containers (8.46 L and 15.5 cm high), elevated 90 cm from the ground, in a 3x2 factorial scheme. Being 3 herbaceous floriferous species (Torenia var. Kauai, Periwinkle var. Pacifica XP and Petunia var. Bacopa) and 2 substrates [S1-Charcoal + pine bark + peat + expanded vermiculite (1v:1v:1v:1v) and S2- Coconut fiber + carbonized rice husk + peat + expanded vermiculite (1v:1v:1v:1v)], with 3 replicates per treatment. It was evaluated in the substrates: pH, electrical conductivity, macro and microporosity, total porosity, density and water retention capacity. For the development of the species, 60 days after the experiment installation, were evaluated, chlorophyll content of leaves, number of flowers and vegetation surface temperature. It was observed that the substrate S2 presented the best results in the physico-chemical analyzes, and this possibly came to reflect on the performance of the species, and that Torenia when cultivated in this substrate had the highest chlorophyll content (42.67 SPAD). The number of flowers was statistically the same for Torenia and Periwinkle in both substrates, while the three floriferous herbaceous plants showed a decrease in surface temperature. Thus, it is recommended for use on extensive green roofs the substrate composed of coconut fiber + carbonized rice husk + peat + expanded vermiculite (1v:1v:1v:1v), and the floriferous herbaceous Torenia var. Kauai

Germination and development of ornamental sunflower seedlings in substrates

The ornamental sunflower is a growing crop in recent years due to its rapid return on investment and expressive representation in the flower market, and research on the ideal substrate for seedling production is essential to maximize information for the crop. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the germination and development of ornamental sunflower seedlings in different substrates compositions. The experiment was installed in a greenhouse, where they were put to germinate, seeds of sunflower type “Vincent’s Choice” in poliestileno trays on substrates with or without addition Slow Release Fertilizer (SRF) at the dose 2 g L-1. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 treatments [T1- Charcoal + pine bark + peat + expanded vermiculite (1:1:1:1), T2- Coconut fiber + carbonized rice hull + peat + expanded vermiculite (1:1:1:1), T3- Charcoal + pine bark + peat + expanded vermiculite (1:1:1:1) + SRF, T4- Coconut fiber + Carbonized rice hull + peat + expanded vermiculite (1:1:1:1) + SRF] with 8 replicates of 8 seeds, totaling 64 seeds per substrate. It was evaluated: the percentage, index and average germination time, chlorophyll content, length, fresh and dry mass of shoot and root. It was observed that there was no difference in the percentage of germination, but T2 and T4 promoted emergency in the lowest mean time (3.19 and 3.46 days, respectively) with a higher rate of velocity (2.43 and 2.25 respectively), still, T4 presented increments with more than 50% of fresh and dry mass. Thus, it is concluded that the T4 substrate is recommended for germination and development of ornamental sunflower type “Vicent’s Choice”

Pigmentos fotossintéticos e sua correlação com nitrogênio e magnésio foliar em grama bermuda cultivada em substratos

Os pigmentos fotossintéticos desempenham papel fundamental na fisiologia da planta, onde suas concentrações tem respostas significativas na coloração verde, o que é desejável do ponto de vista estético na grama bermuda. Ainda, esses compostos estão estritamente relacionados com as concentrações de nitrogênio e magnésio foliar, e dependendo do tipo de substrato, podem ocorrer variações nos teores encontrados. Assim, objetivou-se a determinação de pigmentos fotossintéticos e sua correlação com N e Mg foliar em grama bermuda cultivada em substratos. O experimento foi conduzido a pleno sol, na UNESP/Campus de Ilha Solteira – SP, com os tapetes de grama implantados em contêineres de plástico preto (volume 8,46 litros), em delineamento inteiramente casualisado, com 5 substratos e 12 repetições, sendo os Tratamentos: T1-solo, T2-areia, T3-solo+areia. (1:1), T4-solo+areia+composto orgânico (1:1:1) e T5–areia+composto orgânico (1:1). Foram avaliados: teor de clorofila a, b e carotenoides, análise foliar de N e Mg, e análise química dos substratos. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e a Teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. Conclui-se que houve correlação positiva entre os pigmentos fotossintéticos e as concentrações de nitrogênio e magnésio foliar em grama bermuda, onde o Tratamento 4 apresentou os melhores resultados para as análises realizadas

Light levels influence on development and leaves reflectance index of imperial® zoysia grass / Influência de níveis de luz no desenvolvimento e índice de refletância das folhas de grama esmeralda imperial®

The lawn aesthetics is one of the most important aspect, which professionals need to observe. Shading influence on grass development may be harmful to plant physiology, which will have its photosynthetic processes reduced. A grass that receives less light may etiolate, and, in popular terms, it can fade making it less attractive, since what is expected for a lawn is its vibrant green colour. Therefore, the research aimed to study the influence of luminosity levels and changes in light spectrum in development and leaf reflectance indices of Imperial® Zoysia Grass var.. Grass was implanted in black plastic containers filled with substrate formed by, soil, sand and soil conditioner. Luminosity levels tested were: T1: full sun, T2: 50% black shading net and T3: 50% red solar spectrum manipulation net. The lawn height was assessed using the prism methodology. Digital images were obtained and red, green and blue (RGB) mean values components were reported. RGB results were converted to HSB values (Hue, Saturation and Brightness). After obtaining HSB values, Dark Green Colour Index (DGCI) was calculated. Treatments T2 and T3 interfered in the development and reflectance index of leaves of Zoysia grass Imperial®. For Hue component the cited treatments turn leaves to yellow, which means leaves chloroses caused by the reduction of chlorophyll concentration. Dark Green Colour Index, T2 and T3 influenced in leaves coloration turning them yellowish, proving hue results, which is symptom of chlorosis and etiolation

AVALIAÇÃO DO ESTADO NUTRICIONAL DE TRÊS GRAMADOS ORNAMENTAIS EM ILHA SOLTEIRA–SP: UM ESTUDO DE CASO

Os gramados são de grande importância para o meio ambiente, podendo ser utilizados para diversos fins, contudo, para que apresentem visual agradável é necessário que sejam muito bem cuidados tanto no momento da implantação como depois, na manutenção. Sendo assim, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar o estado nutricional de gramados ornamentais, analisando, em laboratório, as quantidades de macro e micronutrientes no solo e nas folhas da grama esmeralda (Zoysia japonica Steud.). O estudo foi conduzido na cidade de Ilha Solteira – SP, no mês de maio de 2016, em três lugares, sendo duas residências e uma instituição de ensino particular. Foram avaliados a necessidade de adubação, bem como o índice de conteúdo de clorofila (ICC) com um clorofilômetro manual e sua relação com os macro e micronutrientes foliares. Com base nos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que os gramados avaliados apresentaram boas condições nutricionais. Nestes, a adubação de manutenção nem sempre é necessária, caso os restos provenientes do corte da grama esmeralda não sejam retirados. O clorofilômetro pôde indicar, de forma mais rápida e prática, a necessidade de fertilização, podendo ser utilizado por empresas de manutenção paisagística para saber a hora certa de adubação.The lawns have significant importance for the environment and can be used for various purposes, nevertheless, to have a pleasant look of them it is necessary to be very well kept during both time, i.e. at the of implantation and afterward in maintenance. Therefore, the focus of this work is to evaluate the nutritional status of ornamental lawns by analyzing in a laboratory the macro and micronutrient content in the soil and leaves of Emerald Grass (Zoysia japonica Steud.). The work was performed in Ilha Solteira City, SP, in May 2016, in three places, two residences and one private educational institution. It was evaluated the need for fertilization, as well as the index of chlorophyll content (ICC), using a hand chlorophyllometer, and its relationship with macro and foliar micronutrients. It was concluded, based on the results achieved, that the evaluated lawns presented good nutritional conditions. The maintenance fertilization is not even necessary when Emerald Grass cutting wastes are not removed. The chlorophyllometer indicated, in a faster and practical way, the need for fertilization, and could be used by landscape maintenance companies to know the right time of applying fertilizers

DOSES DE ADUBO DE LIBERAÇÃO LENTA NO CRESCIMENTO INICIAL DE MUDAS DE TAMARINDO

O tamarindo apresenta grande importância econômica no Brasil, e cuidados na hora da adubação no crescimento inicial das mudas devem ser tomados, assim, fertilizantes de liberação lenta, podem ser uma opção para o desenvolvimento da cultura por propiciam uma disponibilidade contínua de nutrientes ao longo do tempo, contudo, a quantidade de trabalhos na literatura, sobre esse tema são escassas, sendo necessárias pesquisas para amenizar essa situação. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento inicial de mudas de tamarindo em doses de adubo de liberação lenta. O experimento realizado em casa de vegetação, onde as mudas, após germinadas, foram transplantadas para sacos de polietileno preto (2 litros), preenchidos com substrato [solo + areia + composto orgânico (1:1:1)], acrescido da maior e menor dose do adubo de liberação lenta Slow Release® (recomendação do fabricante). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado sendo 3 Tratamentos [T1– Testemunha (Sem adubação), T2– Slow Release® (1 g L-1¬¬), T3- Slow Release® (2 g L-1¬¬)], com 5 repetições. Foram analisados aos 0 e 35 após o transplante: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do caule e pigmentos fotossintéticos (clorofila a, b e carotenoides). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de tukey (5% de probabilidade). Conclui-se que os adubos de liberação lenta não propiciaram aumento da altura e do diâmetro de caule nas plantas, sendo necessárias avaliações com mais de 35 dias para possivelmente apresentar diferença entre os Tratamentos, contudo, houve um grande incremento nas concentrações de pigmentos analisados, principalmente em T2

A search for ultra-high-energy photons at the Pierre Auger Observatory exploiting air-shower universality

The Pierre Auger Observatory is the most sensitive detector to primary photons with energies above ∼0.2 EeV. It measures extensive air showers using a hybrid technique that combines a fluorescence detector (FD) with a ground array of particle detectors (SD). The signatures of a photon-induced air shower are a larger atmospheric depth at the shower maximum (X$_{max}$) and a steeper lateral distribution function, along with a lower number of muons with respect to the bulk of hadron-induced background. Using observables measured by the FD and SD, three photon searches in different energy bands are performed. In particular, between threshold energies of 1-10 EeV, a new analysis technique has been developed by combining the FD-based measurement of X$_{max}$ with the SD signal through a parameter related to its muon content, derived from the universality of the air showers. This technique has led to a better photon/hadron separation and, consequently, to a higher search sensitivity, resulting in a tighter upper limit than before. The outcome of this new analysis is presented here, along with previous results in the energy ranges below 1 EeV and above 10 EeV. From the data collected by the Pierre Auger Observatory in about 15 years of operation, the most stringent constraints on the fraction of photons in the cosmic flux are set over almost three decades in energy

Study on multi-ELVES in the Pierre Auger Observatory

Since 2013, the four sites of the Fluorescence Detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Observatory record ELVES with a dedicated trigger. These UV light emissions are correlated to distant lightning strikes. The length of recorded traces has been increased from 100 μs (2013), to 300 μs (2014-16), to 900 μs (2017-present), to progressively extend the observation of the light emission towards the vertical of the causative lightning and beyond. A large fraction of the observed events shows double ELVES within the time window, and, in some cases, even more complex structures are observed. The nature of the multi-ELVES is not completely understood but may be related to the different types of lightning in which they are originated. For example, it is known that Narrow Bipolar Events can produce double ELVES, and Energetic In-cloud Pulses, occurring between the main negative and upper positive charge layer of clouds, can induce double and even quadruple ELVES in the ionosphere. This report shows the seasonal and daily dependence of the time gap, amplitude ratio, and correlation between the pulse widths of the peaks in a sample of 1000+ multi-ELVES events recorded during the period 2014-20. The events have been compared with data from other satellite and ground-based sensing devices to study the correlation of their properties with lightning observables such as altitude and polarity