Teores de óleo e proteína em grãos de soja, com diferentes manejos de percevejo, da colheita ao armazenamento, utilizando a espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo (NIR).

ABSTRACT: The aim was to determine changes in oil and protein content in soybean grain after different stink bugs field managements, on harvest and after of grain storage, using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). Three stink bugs control managements were used in the soybean crop season as: 1-soybean producer management area; 2-standard integrated pest management area; 3-control management area (no pesticides applied). After harvest and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after storage time, samples of grain were taken to analyze oil and protein content at NIR. The experiment was maintained in a room at 25° C and 60% of relative humidity during one year of storage time. The results showed an increase in protein and a decrease in lipid content during storage. The increase of stink bug attack in the field caused an increase in the protein content during storage, however no changes in lipid content occurred. RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar variação nos teores de óleo e proteína em grãos de soja, com diferentes manejos de percevejo, no momento da colheita e após determinado período de armazenamento, utilizando o NIR. Os tratamentos pesquisados neste estudo foram amostras de grãos de várias lavouras de soja e três condições de tratamentos: 1-área do produtor, 2-área com o MIP e 3-área testemunha. O experimento foi conduzido em BODs, sendo as avaliações no ponto zero (colheita), aos três, seis, nove e doze meses de armazenamento. Em condições ideais de armazenamento (25ºC e umidade relativa de 60%), ocorreu um aumento nos teores de proteína e uma diminuição nos teores de lipídios dos grãos de soja ao longo do armazenamento. O aumento de ataque de percevejos ocasionou aumento nos teores de proteína dos grãos de soja durante o armazenamento, entretanto sem alterar os teores de lipídios dos grãos

Basin-wide variation in tree hydraulic safety margins predicts the carbon balance of Amazon forests

Funding: Data collection was largely funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) project TREMOR (NE/N004655/1) to D.G., E.G. and O.P., with further funds from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001) to J.V.T. and a University of Leeds Climate Research Bursary Fund to J.V.T. D.G., E.G. and O.P. acknowledge further support from a NERC-funded consortium award (ARBOLES, NE/S011811/1). This paper is an outcome of J.V.T.’s doctoral thesis, which was sponsored by CAPES (GDE 99999.001293/2015-00). J.V.T. was previously supported by the NERC-funded ARBOLES project (NE/S011811/1) and is supported at present by the Swedish Research Council Vetenskapsrådet (grant no. 2019-03758 to R.M.). E.G., O.P. and D.G. acknowledge support from NERC-funded BIORED grant (NE/N012542/1). O.P. acknowledges support from an ERC Advanced Grant and a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. R.S.O. was supported by a CNPq productivity scholarship, the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP-Microsoft 11/52072-0) and the US Department of Energy, project GoAmazon (FAPESP 2013/50531-2). M.M. acknowledges support from MINECO FUN2FUN (CGL2013-46808-R) and DRESS (CGL2017-89149-C2-1-R). C.S.-M., F.B.V. and P.R.L.B. were financed by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (CAPES, finance code 001). C.S.-M. received a scholarship from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq 140353/2017-8) and CAPES (science without borders 88881.135316/2016-01). Y.M. acknowledges the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation and ERC Advanced Investigator Grant (GEM-TRAITS, 321131) for supporting the Global Ecosystems Monitoring (GEM) network (gem.tropicalforests.ox.ac.uk), within which some of the field sites (KEN, TAM and ALP) are nested. The authors thank Brazil–USA Collaborative Research GoAmazon DOE-FAPESP-FAPEAM (FAPESP 2013/50533-5 to L.A.) and National Science Foundation (award DEB-1753973 to L. Alves). They thank Serrapilheira Serra-1709-18983 (to M.H.) and CNPq-PELD/POPA-441443/2016-8 (to L.G.) (P.I. Albertina Lima). They thank all the colleagues and grants mentioned elsewhere [8,36] that established, identified and measured the Amazon forest plots in the RAINFOR network analysed here. The authors particularly thank J. Lyod, S. Almeida, F. Brown, B. Vicenti, N. Silva and L. Alves. This work is an outcome approved Research Project no. 19 from ForestPlots.net, a collaborative initiative developed at the University of Leeds that unites researchers and the monitoring of their permanent plots from the world’s tropical forests [61]. The authros thank A. Levesley, K. Melgaço Ladvocat and G. Pickavance for ForestPlots.net management. They thank Y. Wang and J. Baker, respectively, for their help with the map and with the climatic data. The authors acknowledge the invaluable help of M. Brum for kindly providing the comparison of vulnerability curves based on PAD and on PLC shown in this manuscript. They thank J. Martinez-Vilalta for his comments on an early version of this manuscript. The authors also thank V. Hilares and the Asociación para la Investigación y Desarrollo Integral (AIDER, Puerto Maldonado, Peru); V. Saldaña and Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP) for local field campaign support in Peru; E. Chavez and Noel Kempff Natural History Museum for local field campaign support in Bolivia; ICMBio, INPA/NAPPA/LBA COOMFLONA (Cooperativa mista da Flona Tapajós) and T. I. Bragança-Marituba for the research support.Tropical forests face increasing climate risk1,2, yet our ability to predict their response to climate change is limited by poor understanding of their resistance to water stress. Although xylem embolism resistance thresholds (for example, Ψ50) and hydraulic safety margins (for example, HSM50) are important predictors of drought-induced mortality risk3-5, little is known about how these vary across Earth's largest tropical forest. Here, we present a pan-Amazon, fully standardized hydraulic traits dataset and use it to assess regional variation in drought sensitivity and hydraulic trait ability to predict species distributions and long-term forest biomass accumulation. Parameters Ψ50 and HSM50 vary markedly across the Amazon and are related to average long-term rainfall characteristics. Both Ψ50 and HSM50 influence the biogeographical distribution of Amazon tree species. However, HSM50 was the only significant predictor of observed decadal-scale changes in forest biomass. Old-growth forests with wide HSM50 are gaining more biomass than are low HSM50 forests. We propose that this may be associated with a growth-mortality trade-off whereby trees in forests consisting of fast-growing species take greater hydraulic risks and face greater mortality risk. Moreover, in regions of more pronounced climatic change, we find evidence that forests are losing biomass, suggesting that species in these regions may be operating beyond their hydraulic limits. Continued climate change is likely to further reduce HSM50 in the Amazon6,7, with strong implications for the Amazon carbon sink.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Occurrence of the Trissolcus basalis, egg parasite of Nezara viridula, in Brazil

Registra-se a ocorrência do microhimenóptero, T. busalis, pequena vespa preta parasitando ovos de N. viridula que é considerada uma das principais pragas da cultura da soja. Apesar de o índice de parasitismo ser pequeno, a espécie apresenta perspectivas como auxiliar no controle desse percevejo, pela redução dos danos e dos custos de produção.A description is given of the occurrence of the microhymenopterous T. basalis, a little black wasp, parasiting eggs of N. viridula which is considered one of the most important insect pests attacking soybean crops. Althoug the parasitism levels have had low effects, the use of this species would become an auxiliary practice in controlling that bug by reducing the damages and the production costs

Storage techniques of stink bug eggs for laboratory production of the parasitoid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston)

Com o objetivo de viabilizar uma produção contínua do parasitóide de ovos Trissolcus basalis, diferentes técnicas de armazenamento de ovos de percevejo-verde (Nezara virídula L.) foram comparadas em condições de laboratório. Os ovos, acondicionados em placas-de-petri forradas com papel-alumínio e mantidas a -15°C, permaneceram viáveis ao parasitismo por T. basalis por até 180 dias, enquanto os armazenados pela técnica convencional (8°C) permanece-ram viáveis por até 60 dias. Outras técnicas, como ovos acondicionados em papel-alumínio ou em sacos de plástico a vácuo, forneceram excelente qualidade de conservação até 90 dias, com taxas de emergência decrescentes para períodos maiores. Adultos de T. basalis gerados em ovos estocados a -15°C apresentaram desempenho reprodutivo (capacidade de parasitar, emergência, e razão sexual) igual à dos adultos gerados em ovos frescos de N. viridula. Entretanto, exigiram um tempo maior para completarem seu desenvolvimento de ovo a adulto.Different storage techniques of green stink burg (Nezara viridula L.) eggs were compared in the laboratory, with the objective of improving production of the egg parasitoid Trissolcus basalis. Eggs stored at -15°C in petri dishes covered with aluminum foil remained viable to parasitism by T. basalis for up to 180 days, while the standard (control) technique at 8°C allowed storage for only ca. 60 days. Other methods, also involving the use of aluminum foil or vacuum-stored eggs in plastic bags, preserved eggs for up to 90 days. The quality of T. basalis adults emerged from stored eggs was similar to that observed with adults emerged from fresh eggs of N. viridula, although a longer developmental time was observed in stored eggs

Meio ambiente e comércio internacional: Relação sustentável ou opostos inconciliáveis? Argumentos ambientalistas e pró-comércio do debate Environment and international trade: Sustainable relationship or irreconcilable opposites? Environmental and pro-commerce arguments of the debate

As complexas relações entre o processo de liberalização comercial e o meio ambiente destacam-se, hoje, como um dos assuntos prioritários na agenda internacional. Muito se tem discutido a esse respeito, porém poucas são as respostas concludentes acerca dos impactos ambientais gerados pela crescente prática do livre-comércio. Na busca de maiores esclarecimentos sobre o assunto, este artigo procurou identificar a existência de uma relação direta entre o aumento dos fluxos comerciais decorrente do processo de liberalização econômica e maiores níveis de degradação ambiental. As análises empreendidas ao longo da pesquisa levaram à conclusão de que os efeitos ambientais do livre-comércio são muito ambíguos, não sendo possível afirmar, como regra geral, haver tal relação. Constatou-se que uma análise mais precisa sobre o assunto depende do estudo pontual de cada caso.<br>The complex relationship between the process of trade liberalization and the environment is, nowadays, one of the most important issues found at the international affairs agenda. Much has been discussed, but few conclusive answers on the so-called environmental impact by free trade have been drawn. This paper has beseeched establishing a direct relationship between the increase of both the commercial activity as a result of economic liberalization and the environmental degradation levels. This research has led to the core conclusion that environmental effects of trade liberalization are ambiguous, having shown the impossibility of asserting, as a general rule, the existence of a direct relation between free trade and environmental degradation. We have also concluded that an accurate analysis on the issue will depend on the individual study of each case due to its complexity and subjectivity