17 research outputs found

    Ultraviolet stress delays chromosome replication in light/dark synchronized cells of the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus PCC9511.

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    International audienceBACKGROUND: The marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus is very abundant in warm, nutrient-poor oceanic areas. The upper mixed layer of oceans is populated by high light-adapted Prochlorococcus ecotypes, which despite their tiny genome (approximately 1.7 Mb) seem to have developed efficient strategies to cope with stressful levels of photosynthetically active and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. At a molecular level, little is known yet about how such minimalist microorganisms manage to sustain high growth rates and avoid potentially detrimental, UV-induced mutations to their DNA. To address this question, we studied the cell cycle dynamics of P. marinus PCC9511 cells grown under high fluxes of visible light in the presence or absence of UV radiation. Near natural light-dark cycles of both light sources were obtained using a custom-designed illumination system (cyclostat). Expression patterns of key DNA synthesis and repair, cell division, and clock genes were analyzed in order to decipher molecular mechanisms of adaptation to UV radiation. RESULTS: The cell cycle of P. marinus PCC9511 was strongly synchronized by the day-night cycle. The most conspicuous response of cells to UV radiation was a delay in chromosome replication, with a peak of DNA synthesis shifted about 2 h into the dark period. This delay was seemingly linked to a strong downregulation of genes governing DNA replication (dnaA) and cell division (ftsZ, sepF), whereas most genes involved in DNA repair (such as recA, phrA, uvrA, ruvC, umuC) were already activated under high visible light and their expression levels were only slightly affected by additional UV exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Prochlorococcus cells modified the timing of the S phase in response to UV exposure, therefore reducing the risk that mutations would occur during this particularly sensitive stage of the cell cycle. We identified several possible explanations for the observed timeshift. Among these, the sharp decrease in transcript levels of the dnaA gene, encoding the DNA replication initiator protein, is sufficient by itself to explain this response, since DNA synthesis starts only when the cellular concentration of DnaA reaches a critical threshold. However, the observed response likely results from a more complex combination of UV-altered biological processes

    A comparison of national approaches to setting ecological status boundaries in phytobenthos assessment for the European Water Framework Directive: results of an intercalibration exercise

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    The European Union (EU)'s Water Framework Directive (WFD) requires that all Member States participate in intercalibration exercises in order to ensure that ecological status concepts and assessment levels are consistent across the EU. This paper describes one such exercise, performed by the countries in the Central/Baltic Geographical Intercalibration Group stretching from Ireland in the west to Estonia in the east and from the southern parts of Scandinavia to the northern regions of Spain and Italy (but excluding alpine regions, which were intercalibrated separately). In this exercise, methods used to measure ecological status of rivers using benthic diatoms were compared. Ecological status is estimated as the ratio between the observed value of a biological element and the value expected in the absence of significant human impact. Approaches to defining the 'reference sites', from which these 'expected' values were derived, varied from country to country. Minimum criteria were established as part of the exercise but there was still considerable variation between national reference values, reflecting typological differences that could not be resolved during the exercise. A simple multimetric index was developed to compare boundary values using two widely used diatom metrics. Boundary values for high/good status and good/moderate status set by each participant were converted to their equivalent values of this intercalibration metric using linear regression. Variation of ±0.05 EQR units around the median value was considered to be acceptable and the exercise provided a means for those Member States who fell significantly above or below this line to review their approaches and, if necessary, adjust their boundaries

    The recovery of European freshwater biodiversity has come to a halt

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    Owing to a long history of anthropogenic pressures, freshwater ecosystems are among the most vulnerable to biodiversity loss1. Mitigation measures, including wastewater treatment and hydromorphological restoration, have aimed to improve environmental quality and foster the recovery of freshwater biodiversity2. Here, using 1,816 time series of freshwater invertebrate communities collected across 22 European countries between 1968 and 2020, we quantified temporal trends in taxonomic and functional diversity and their responses to environmental pressures and gradients. We observed overall increases in taxon richness (0.73% per year), functional richness (2.4% per year) and abundance (1.17% per year). However, these increases primarily occurred before the 2010s, and have since plateaued. Freshwater communities downstream of dams, urban areas and cropland were less likely to experience recovery. Communities at sites with faster rates of warming had fewer gains in taxon richness, functional richness and abundance. Although biodiversity gains in the 1990s and 2000s probably reflect the effectiveness of water-quality improvements and restoration projects, the decelerating trajectory in the 2010s suggests that the current measures offer diminishing returns. Given new and persistent pressures on freshwater ecosystems, including emerging pollutants, climate change and the spread of invasive species, we call for additional mitigation to revive the recovery of freshwater biodiversity.publishedVersio

    The recovery of European freshwater biodiversity has come to a halt

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    Owing to a long history of anthropogenic pressures, freshwater ecosystems are among the most vulnerable to biodiversity loss1. Mitigation measures, including wastewater treatment and hydromorphological restoration, have aimed to improve environmental quality and foster the recovery of freshwater biodiversity2. Here, using 1,816 time series of freshwater invertebrate communities collected across 22 European countries between 1968 and 2020, we quantified temporal trends in taxonomic and functional diversity and their responses to environmental pressures and gradients. We observed overall increases in taxon richness (0.73% per year), functional richness (2.4% per year) and abundance (1.17% per year). However, these increases primarily occurred before the 2010s, and have since plateaued. Freshwater communities downstream of dams, urban areas and cropland were less likely to experience recovery. Communities at sites with faster rates of warming had fewer gains in taxon richness, functional richness and abundance. Although biodiversity gains in the 1990s and 2000s probably reflect the effectiveness of water-quality improvements and restoration projects, the decelerating trajectory in the 2010s suggests that the current measures offer diminishing returns. Given new and persistent pressures on freshwater ecosystems, including emerging pollutants, climate change and the spread of invasive species, we call for additional mitigation to revive the recovery of freshwater biodiversity.N. Kaffenberger helped with initial data compilation. Funding for authors and data collection and processing was provided by the EU Horizon 2020 project eLTER PLUS (grant agreement no. 871128); the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; 033W034A); the German Research Foundation (DFG FZT 118, 202548816); Czech Republic project no. P505-20-17305S; the Leibniz Competition (J45/2018, P74/2018); the Spanish Ministerio de EconomĂ­a, Industria y Competitividad—Agencia Estatal de InvestigaciĂłn and the European Regional Development Fund (MECODISPER project CTM 2017-89295-P); RamĂłn y Cajal contracts and the project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2019-027446-I, RYC2020-029829-I, PID2020-115830GB-100); the Danish Environment Agency; the Norwegian Environment Agency; SOMINCOR—Lundin mining & FCT—Fundação para a CiĂȘncia e Tecnologia, Portugal; the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant PP00P3_179089); the EU LIFE programme (DIVAQUA project, LIFE18 NAT/ES/000121); the UK Natural Environment Research Council (GLiTRS project NE/V006886/1 and NE/R016429/1 as part of the UK-SCAPE programme); the Autonomous Province of Bolzano (Italy); and the Estonian Research Council (grant no. PRG1266), Estonian National Program ‘Humanitarian and natural science collections’. The Environment Agency of England, the Scottish Environmental Protection Agency and Natural Resources Wales provided publicly available data. We acknowledge the members of the Flanders Environment Agency for providing data. This article is a contribution of the Alliance for Freshwater Life (www.allianceforfreshwaterlife.org).Peer reviewe

    Lien entre la toxicité, la contamination des milieux aquatiques mesurés chez Gammarus fossarum et la perturbation des communautés biologiques Rapport final

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    Les concentrations en contaminants biodisponibles, mesurĂ©es chez des espĂšces d’invertĂ©brĂ©s bio-indicatrices, ont dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es avec succĂšs pour Ă©tablir des liens entre la pression chimique et les dĂ©gradations des communautĂ©s d’invertĂ©brĂ©s, ceci Ă  l’échelle d’un cours d’eau ou de petits bassins versants. Cependant, la mise en Ɠuvre de cette approche comparative et empirique Ă  une plus grande Ă©chelle spatiale demeure un dĂ©fi en raison de la diversitĂ© des contextes biogĂ©ographiques. Au niveau national, il est d’une part difficile de trouver une espĂšce sentinelle rĂ©partie sur l’ensemble du territoire et d’autre part, l’impact de facteurs biotiques (Ă©tat physiologique des organismes, espĂšces, historique d’exposition, mĂ©canismes d’adaptation) joue un rĂŽle important sur la concentration accumulĂ©e et donc la possibilitĂ© de comparer les systĂšmes hydriques Ă©tudiĂ©s. Dans nos travaux prĂ©cĂ©dents, il a Ă©tĂ© montrĂ© que l’utilisation de l’encagement d’organismes calibrĂ©s et de rĂ©fĂ©rence permet d’utiliser un outil commun pour la biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques et Ă  une large Ă©chelle gĂ©ographique, en limitant l’influence de facteurs de confusion sur les niveaux de contamination biodisponible (concentration accumulĂ©e). Dans la prĂ©sente Ă©tude, les niveaux de contamination biodisponible en Cd, Hg, Ni et Pb, Ă©valuĂ©es par biosurveillance active avec l’amphipode Gammarus fossarum, ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s Ă  l’abondance des gammaridĂ©s natifs, sur 94 sites rĂ©partis en France. Les densitĂ©s de gammares pour chaque site d’étude ont Ă©tĂ© extraites des ba’eeses de donnĂ©es du programme de surveillance de l’état Ă©cologique, mis en Ɠuvre par les agences françaises de l’eau dans le cadre de la directive cadre sur l’eau. Les abondances relatives ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es, intĂ©grant l’influence de la typologie physico-chimique des cours d’eau sur leur capacitĂ© maximale Ă  accueillir des gammaridĂ©s, afin de pourvoir comparer les niveaux d’abondances observĂ©s sur les 94 sites Ă©tudiĂ©s. Les rĂ©sultats montrent un lien clair entre la densitĂ© en gammares et les niveaux de contamination biodisponible pour trois des quatre Ă©lĂ©ments mĂ©talliques Ă©tudiĂ©s (Cd, Ni et Pb). Des concentrations seuils dans les organismes encagĂ©s au-dessus desquels la densitĂ© de gammares natifs dans le cours d’eau est anormalement faible – seuil de concentration biodisponible d’effet Ă©cologique (BEAC) - ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es. La fiabilitĂ© et la validitĂ© des BEAC, leur comparaison avec les BBAC (valeur seuil de contamination biodisponible) et leur utilitĂ© en termes de priorisation des contaminants, des sites dans la gestion des milieux aquatiques continentaux, sont discutĂ©

    RĂ©ponse des indicateurs biotiques de cours d’eau aux pressions et extrapolation de l’état biologique aux masses d’eau non suivies

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    International audiencePour des raisons techniques et Ă©conomiques, toutes les masses d’eau europĂ©ennes ne bĂ©nĂ©ficient pas d’un suivi direct de leur qualitĂ© Ă©tabli Ă  partir d’une collecte rĂ©guliĂšre de donnĂ©es biologiques. En France, cela reprĂ©sente environ dix mille sites. Pour combler ces lacunes, des chercheurs d’INRAE ont mis au point un ensemble de modĂšles capables de prĂ©dire avec un bon taux de rĂ©ussite l’état Ă©cologique de ces masses d’eau Ă  partir d’un jeu de donnĂ©es de pressions. Si ce type d’outil prĂ©dictif est d’un intĂ©rĂȘt majeur pour les gestionnaires, il ne doit cependant pas ĂȘtre considĂ©rĂ© comme une approche antagoniste Ă  l'amĂ©lioration du rĂ©seau de surveillance mais plutĂŽt comme un moyen de fournir un cadre gĂ©nĂ©ral pour aider les politiques de l'eau

    Vers une évaluation physico-chimique en cohérence avec la biologie des milieux aquatiques continentaux

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    La directive cadre europĂ©enne sur l'eau exige des États membres la production d’indicateurs physico-chimiques devant traduire le fonctionnement des Ă©cosystĂšmes et la production de valeurs seuils correspondant Ă  diffĂ©rents niveaux de leur dĂ©gradation. Or, en France, ces donnĂ©es manquent en raison notamment de la diversitĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes et de la faible connaissance des conditions physico-chimiques rĂ©elles et de leurs interactions avec les multiples pressions anthropiques. C’est dans ce contexte que trois Ă©quipes de recherche de INRAE et de l’OFB ont mis au point des mĂ©thodes statistiques innovantes pour dĂ©terminer des valeurs seuils physico-chimiques calĂ©es sur les indicateurs biologiques, plus rĂ©alistes et plus protectrices des milieux aquatiques

    Impact des pressions toxiques multiples dans les cours d'eau : de la difficulté à déterminer un indice unique

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    International audienceLes activitĂ©s humaines rejettent dans les cours d’eau un cortĂšge de substances nocives pour la santĂ© des Ă©cosystĂšmes. Dans ce contexte la Directive Cadre EuropĂ©enne sur l’Eau impose de mettre en place des programmes de surveillance mais ces outils rĂ©pondent Ă  des objectifs de qualitĂ© fixĂ©s indĂ©pendamment pour chaque substance et ne permettent pas d’apprĂ©hender l’impact des diffĂ©rents polluants en mĂ©lange. Pourtant il est reconnu que ces mĂ©langes peuvent engendrer des effets mĂȘme si leurs composants sont prĂ©sents Ă  des concentrations infĂ©rieures aux seuils de gestion ou rĂ©glementaires individuels.L’impact des pressions toxiques multiples de substances sur les milieux aquatiques a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© pour le RhĂŽne par la dĂ©termination du pourcentage d’espĂšces potentiellement affectĂ©es par un mĂ©lange (indice ΔPAFms). Les donnĂ©es chimique et radiologique (> 1000 substances) acquises sur deux stations (en amont de Lyon et Ă  Arles) de 2010 Ă  2017 ont Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©es pour Ă©valuer l’évolution spatio-temporelle de l’indice.Si l’approche a permis de rĂ©vĂ©ler que l’impact rĂ©sulte principalement de la prĂ©sence de certains mĂ©taux (cuivre, nickel, vanadium et zinc) et dans une moindre mesure des dichlorodiphĂ©nyl-trichloroĂ©thanes et des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques, il est difficile de gĂ©nĂ©raliser cette mĂ©thode de par l’hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des donnĂ©es induite par : (1) les mĂ©thodes et frĂ©quences de prĂ©lĂšvements des Ă©chantillons, (2) les polluants mesurĂ©s et limites mĂ©trologiques, (3) l’absence de donnĂ©es d’écotoxicitĂ© pour certaines substances.Cette approche a mis en avant l’importance d’introduire de la cohĂ©rence spatiale, temporelle et compartimentale dans les rĂ©seaux de surveillance. Les mĂ©thodes d’analyse Ă  mettre en Ɠuvre devraient ĂȘtre rĂ©flĂ©chies au regard de l’utilisation ultĂ©rieure des donnĂ©es recueillies, pour limiter l’influence des extrapolations requises pour pallier aux donnĂ©es absentes et non quantifiĂ©es. De mĂȘme, il est nĂ©cessaire de poursuivre les travaux de recherche sur l’écotoxicitĂ© des substances, qui font dĂ©faut pour encore un grand nombre de polluants

    Direct photodegradation of 36 organic micropollutants under simulated solar radiation: Comparison with free-water surface constructed wetland and influence of chemical structure

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    International audienceMicropollutants such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides are still found in treated municipal effluent and are discharged into the natural environment. Natural direct photodegradation may be one pathway for removing these micropollutants in treatment processes such as free-water surface constructed wetlands (CW). This work was set out to evaluate the half-life (t 1/2) of direct photodegradation of 36 micropollutants under controlled conditions of light exposure close to solar radiation. The results allowed to classify the micropollutants into three groups (fast, medium and slow). Seven micropollutants were classified in the fast group with t 1/2 between 0.05 h and 0.79 h, 24 in the medium group with t 1/2 between 5.3 h and 49.7 h, and five in the slow group with t 1/2 between 56 h and 118 h. The t 1/2 values obtained in laboratory were compared with those from a CW receiving treated wastewater. Correction factors were calculated to adjust the in situ data for the light intensity in laboratory and improved the correspondence especially for the micropollutants of the fast and medium groups. Finally, an innovative method based on statistical tests highlighted the chemical functions characteristic of micropollutants sensitive to photodegradation (OH-CË­O, CË­N-O-, =N-OH,-CH=N,-O-PË­O,-CË­C-) and with low sensitivity (-OR ,-Cl)
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