Systematics of the Neotropical Genus Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae): Phylogeny, the Relevance of Non-molecular Evidence, and Species Accounts

A phylogeny of the species-rich clade of the Neotropical frog genus Leptodactylus sensu stricto is presented on the basis of a total evidence analysis of molecular (mitochondrial and nuclear markers) and non-molecular (adult and larval morphological and behavioral characters) sampled from > 80% of the 75 currently recognized species. Our results support the monophyly of Leptodactylus sensu stricto, with Hydrolaetare placed as its sister group. The reciprocal monophyly of Hydrolaetare and Leptodactylus sensu stricto does not require that we consider Hydrolaetare as either a subgenus or synonym of Leptodactylus sensu lato. We recognize Leptodactylus sensu stricto, Hydrolaetare, Adenomera, and Lithodytes as valid monophyletic genera. Our results generally support the traditionally recognized Leptodactylus species groups, with exceptions involving only a few species that are easily accommodated without proposing new groups or significantly altering contents. The four groups form a pectinate tree, with the Leptodactylus fuscus group diverging first, followed by the L. pentadactylus group, which is sister to the L. latrans and L. melanonotus groups. To evaluate the impact of non-molecular evidence on our results, we compared our total evidence results with results obtained from analyses using only molecular data. Although non-molecular evidence comprised only 3.5% of the total evidence matrix, it had a strong impact on our total evidence results. Only one species group was monophyletic in the molecular-only analysis, and support differed in 86% of the 54 Leptodactylus clades that are shared by the results of the two analyses. Even though no non-molecular evidence was included for Hydrolaetare, exclusion of that data partition resulted in that genus being nested within Leptodactylus, demonstrating that the inclusion of a small amount of non-molecular evidence for a subset of species can alter not only the placement of those species, but also species that were not scored for those data. The evolution of several natural history and reproductive traits is considered in the light of our phylogenic framework. Invasion of rocky outcrops, larval oophagy, and use of underground reproductive chambers are restricted to species of the Leptodactylus fuscus and L. pentadactylus groups. In contrast, larval schooling, larval attendance, and more complex parental care are restricted to the L. latrans and L. melanonotus groups. Construction of foam nests is plesiomorphic in Leptodactylus but their placement varies extensively (e.g., underground chambers, surface of waterbodies, natural or excavated basins). Information on species synonymy, etymology, adult and larval morphology, advertisement call, and geographic distribution is summarized in species accounts for the 30 species of the Leptodactylus fuscus group, 17 species of the L. pentadactylus group, eight species of the L. latrans group, and 17 species of the L. melanonotus group, as well as the three species that are currently unassigned to any species group.Se presenta una filogenia del género Leptodactylus, un ciado neotropical rico en especies, basada en análises combinados de datos moleculares (marcadores nuclear y mitocondriales) y no moleculares (caracteres de la morfología de adultos y larvas así como de comportamiento) se muestrearon > 80% de las 75 especies reconocidas. Los resultados apoyan la monofília de Leptodactylus sensu stricto, con Hydrolaetare como su grupo hermano. La monofília recíproca de Hydrolaetare y Leptodactylus no requiere considerar a Hydrolaetare como un subgénero o sinónimo de Leptodactylus sensu lato. Se reconocen Leptodactylus sensu stricto, Hydrolaetare, Adenomera y Lithodytes como géneros monofiléticos válidos. Los resultados en general resuelven los grupos tradicionalmente reconocidos de Leptodactylus, con excepciones de algunas especies que son reasignadas sin la necesidad de proponer nuevos grupos o alterar significativamente el contenido de los grupos tradicionales. Los cuatro grupos de especies forman una topología pectinada donde el grupo de L. fuscus tiene una posición basal, seguido por el grupo de L. pentadactylus que es el grupo hermano al clado formado por los grupo de L. latrans y L. melanonotus. Se estimó el impacto de los datos no moleculares en los resultados, comparándose los resultados de evidencia total con los de los análises de datos moleculares solamente. Los datos no moleculares representan un 3.5% de la matriz de evidencia total, pero estos datos tuvieron un impacto significativo en los resultados del análisis de evidencia total. En el análisis estrictamente molecular solamente un grupo de especies resultó monofilético, y el apoyo difirió en 86% de los 54 ciados de Leptodactylus compartidos entre los dos análises. A pesar que datos no moleculares no fueron incluidos para Hydrolaetare, la exclusión de evidencia no molecular resultó en el género estar dentro de Leptodactylus, demostrando que la inclusión de evidencia no molecular pequeña para un subgrupo de especies altera no solamente la posición topológica de esas especies, sino tambien de las especies para las cuales dichos datos no fueron codificados. La evolución de patrones de historia natural y reprodución se evalúan en el contexto filogenético. La invasión de afloramientos rocosos y la construción de cámaras de reprodución subterraneas está limitada a los grupos de Leptodactylus fuscus y L. pentadactylus, mientras que la oofagia larval está restringida al grupo de L. pentadactylus. Por otro lado, los cárdumenes larvales, la proteción del cárdumen, y otros comportamientos parentales complejos carecterizan al clado formado por los grupos de especies de L. latrans y L. melanonotus. Los resúmenes de especies incluyen información de sinonimias, etimología, morfología de adultos y larvas, cantos, y distribución geográfica para las 30 especies del grupo de Leptodactylus fuscus, 17 especies del grupo L. pentadactylus, ocho especies del grupo de L. latrans, 17 especies del grupo de L. melanonotus, así como para las tres especies que actualmente no se encuentran asociadas a ninguno de los grupos de especies.Taran Grant was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico Proc. 307001/2011-3 and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo Proc. 2012/10000-5

Placa de gradiente térmico para estudos de germinação de sementes a temperaturas constantes

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Sucesso de germinação da tremocilha, girassol e sorgo a temperaturas constantes

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Concrete made with alternative fine aggregates: the reuse of porcelain electrical insulators

The use of alternative materials as substitutes for ordinary aggregates, mainly in concrete and mortar, has been common in recent decades in Brazil. Due to its physical and chemical similarities to common aggregates, ceramic waste, when coupled with a granulometric control, is suitable for use as an aggregate in concrete. Brazil has been estimated to dispose of approximately 25,000 tons of porcelain insulators annually, which are insulators that are often discarded along with other debris and harm the environment. This study examined the grinding methodology for and subsequent use of porcelain to replace fine aggregates in concrete and verified the improvement this substitution provided by evaluating the mechanical properties and durability of the concrete under study and examining scanning electron microscope images91218519

Blocos de Concreto com Areia de Descarte de Fundição: Viabilidade Econômica, Propriedades Mecânicas e de Durabilidade

No Brasil o volume de areia de descarte de fundição (ADF) é elevado, o que justifica o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia de reciclagem que permita a sua utilização na construção civil – beneficiando toda a cadeia produtiva e diminuindo o seu descarte nos aterros sanitários, que onera o setor. O bloco de concreto é um produto amplamente utilizado na construção civil brasileira, e a ADF pode ser utilizada como um agregado, substituindo a areia comum. Portanto, foram elaborados blocos de concreto com teores de substituição, em massa, de 13%, 19% e 25% da areia comum por ADF, submetendo-os aos ensaios de resistência à compressão nas idades de 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias, comparando estes resultados a traços de blocos com agregados comuns. Além de obterem-se blocos de concreto com resistência que permite classificá-los como Classe B, o seu custo de produção com a incorporação de ADF foi inferior ao custo do bloco com agregados comuns. Pretende-se, com este artigo, demonstrar o valor da ADF como agregado na confeção de blocos de concreto, e ressaltar que até o momento presente não há uma metodologia difundida para o seu reaproveitamento em escala nacional. A incorporação da ADF na produção de blocos de concreto resulta em benefícios ambientais e econômicos para toda a cadeia produtiva envolvida.In Brazil there is a very large volume of waste foundry sand (ADF), which explains the development of a recycling methodology that allows it to be used in civil construction - benefiting the entire production chain and reducing its disposal in landfills, which puts a burden on the sector. Concrete blocks are a widely used product in Brazil's civil construction sector and the ADF can be used as an aggregate, taking the place of ordinary sand. Therefore, concrete blocks were developed with levels of substitution of the common sand by the ADF, in terms of mass, of 13%, 19% and 25%. These blocks were then subjected to compressive strength testing at the ages of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days and the results were compared to concrete blocks made from common aggregates. In addition to obtaining concrete blocks with resistance that allows them to be classified as Class B, the production cost of the blocks that included ADF was lower than that of concrete blocks made from common aggregates. The objective of this article is to show the value of ADF as an aggregate in the manufacture of concrete blocks, and to stress that so far there is no widespread methodology for its reutilization on a national scale. The inclusion of ADF in the production of concrete blocks generates environmental and economic benefits for the entire productive chain involved