Impact of wall potential on the fluid-wall interaction in a cylindrical capillary and a generalized Kelvin equation

In the present work a generalized Kelvin equation for a fluid confined in thick-walled cylindrical capillary is developed. This has been accomplished by including the potential energy function for interaction between a solid wall of a capillary and a confined fluid into the Kelvin equation. Using the Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential, an explicit form of the potential energy functions as expressed by hypergeometrical functions have been derived firstly, for the interaction between a solid wall and a test atom placed at an arbitrary point in a long open-end capillary, and thereafter for the body-body interaction between the solid wall and a confined Lennard-Jones fluid. Further, this generalized Kelvin equation has been applied to detailed description hysteresis phenomena in such capillaries. All numerical calculations have been carried out for the model argon-graphite system at 90 K

Additional file 3: Tables S2–S8. of Cyclic AMP signaling restricts activation and promotes maturation and antioxidant defenses in astrocytes

Lists of genes regulated in cAMP-treated cells and present in published astrocyte signatures. Genes that are regulated in cAMP-treated cells (genes within the “core enrichment” as defined by GSEA analysis), and that are reported to be regulated in previously published astrocyte signatures: developing (Table S2), mature (Table S3), cytokine-treated (Table S4), LPS (Table S5), MCAO (Table S6), in vivo (Table S7) and in vitro (Table S8) astrocytes. The lists represent the respective intersections in the Venn diagrams of Figure 4C. In GSEA analysis, genes were ranked on the basis of signal-to-noise ratio within the microarray data, starting with strongly upregulated and ending with strongly downregulated genes. The third column of the tables indicate the rank of the respective gene, i.e. low rank values indicate strong upregulation and high ones close to the maximal value of 21,492 indicate strong downregulation. (XLS 108 kb

Additional file 5: Table S10. of Cyclic AMP signaling restricts activation and promotes maturation and antioxidant defenses in astrocytes

Antibodies used in this study. (XLSX 11 kb

Crystal-Field Theory Validity Through Local (and Bulk) Compressibilities in CoF₂ and KCoF₃

Crystal field theory (CFT) predicts that crystal field acting on an transition-metal (TM) ion complex of cubic symmetry varies as <i>R</i>^–5, where <i>R</i> is the TM-ligand distance. Yet simple and old-fashioned, CFT is used extensively since it provides excellent results in most TM ion-bearing systems, although no direct and thorough validation has been provided so far. Here we investigate the evolution of the electronic and crystal structures of two archetypal Co²⁺ compounds by optical absorption and X-ray diffraction under high pressure. Both the electronic excited states and crystal-field splitting, Δ = 10<i>Dq</i>, between 3<i>d</i>(<i>e</i>_g + <i>t</i>_2g) orbitals of Co²⁺ as a function of volume, <i>V</i>, and Co–F bond length, <i>R</i>, in 6-fold octahedral (oct) and 8-fold hexahedral (cub) coordination in compressed CoF₂ have been analyzed. We demonstrated that Δ scales with <i>R</i> in both coordinations as <i>R</i>^<i>–n</i>, with <i>n</i> close to 5 in agreement with CFT predictions. The pressure-induced rutile to fluorite structural phase transition at 15 GPa in CoF₂ is associated with an increase of <i>R</i> due to the 6 → 8 coordination change. The experimental Δ­(oct)/ Δ­(cub) = −1.10 for the same <i>R</i>-values is close to −9/8, in agreement with CFT. A similar <i>R</i>-dependence is observed in KCoF₃ in which the CoF₆ <i>O</i>_h coordination is maintained in the 0–80 GPa pressure range

Bulk and Molecular Compressibilities of Organic–Inorganic Hybrids [(CH₃)₄N]₂MnX₄ (X = Cl, Br); Role of Intermolecular Interactions

This work reports an X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption, and Raman spectroscopy study of [(CH₃)₄N]₂MnX₄ (X = Cl, Br) under pressure. We show that both compounds share a similar phase diagram with pressure. A <i>P</i>2₁/<i>c</i> monoclinic structure describes precisely the [(CH₃)₄N]₂MnCl₄ crystal in the 0.1–6 GPa range, prior to crystal decomposition and amorphization, while [(CH₃)₄N]₂MnBr₄ can be described by a <i>Pmcn</i> orthorhombic structure in its stability pressure range of 0–3 GPa. These materials are attractive systems for pressure studies since they are readily compressible through the weak interaction between organic/inorganic [(CH₃)₄N⁺/MnX₄^2–] tetrahedra through hydrogen bonds and contrast with the small compressibility of both tetrahedra. Here we determine the equation-of-state (EOS) of each crystal and compare it with the corresponding local EOS of the MnX₄^2– and (CH₃)₄N⁺ tetrahedra, the compressibility of which is an order and 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the crystal compressibility, respectively, in both chloride and bromide. The variations of the Mn–Cl bond distance obtained by extended X-ray absorption fine structure and the frequency of the totally symmetric ν₁(<i>A</i>₁) Raman mode of MnCl₄^2– with pressure in [(CH₃)₄N]₂MnCl₄ allowed us to determine the associated Grüneisen parameter (γ_loc = 1.15) and hence an accurate local EOS. On the basis of a local compressibility model, we obtained the Grüneisen parameters and corresponding variations of the intramolecular Mn–Br and C–N bond distances of MnBr₄^2– (γ_loc = 1.45) and (CH₃)₄N⁺ (γ_loc = 3.0) in [(CH₃)₄N]₂MnBr₄

Deficiency of the ywhaz gene, involved in neurodevelopmental disorders, alters brain activity and behaviour in zebrafish

Genetic variants in YWHAZ contribute to psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, and have been related to an impaired neurodevelopment in humans and mice. Here, we have used zebrafish to investigate the mechanisms by which YWHAZ contributes to neurodevelopmental disorders. We observed that ywhaz expression was pan-neuronal during developmental stages and restricted to Purkinje cells in the adult cerebellum, cells that are described to be reduced in number and size in autistic patients. We then performed whole-brain imaging in wild-type and ywhaz CRISPR/Cas9 knockout (KO) larvae and found altered neuronal activity and connectivity in the hindbrain. Adult ywhaz KO fish display decreased levels of monoamines in the hindbrain and freeze when exposed to novel stimuli, a phenotype that can be reversed with drugs that target monoamine neurotransmission. These findings suggest an important role for ywhaz in establishing neuronal connectivity during development and modulating both neurotransmission and behaviour in adults