Water and Wastewater Disinfection with Peracetic Acid and UV Radiation and Using Advanced Oxidative Process PAA/UV

The individual methods of disinfection peracetic acid (PAA) and UV radiation and combined process PAA/UV in water (synthetic) and sanitary wastewater were employed to verify the individual and combined action of these advanced oxidative processes on the effectiveness of inactivation of microorganisms indicators of fecal contamination E. coli, total coliforms (in the case of sanitary wastewater), and coliphages (such as virus indicators). Under the experimental conditions investigated, doses of 2, 3, and 4 mg/L of PAA and contact time of 10 minutes and 60 and 90 s exposure to UV radiation, the results indicated that the combined method PAA/UV provided superior efficacy when compared to individual methods of disinfection

Occurrence and removal of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors (UASB) operating with sewage and simulated black water

As doenças de veiculação hídrica são uma preocupação no mundo todo, e tem aumentado cada vez mais o interesse nos estudos relacionados aos protozoários Cryptosporidium spp. e Giardia spp.. A presença de protozoários em águas de abastecimento está vinculada ao lançamento de esgoto nos mananciais, de modo que o tratamento de esgotos sanitários é de extrema importância para reduzir o risco de surtos de protozooses. Este trabalho avaliou a ocorrência e a possibilidade de remoção de cistos de Giardia spp. e oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. em dois reatores UASB, um piloto e um em escala plena, operados com esgoto sanitário e um TDH de aproximadamente 8h, e um reator UASB piloto, operado com água negra simulada e um TDH aproximado de três dias. Nos dois reatores operados com esgoto sanitário as remoções foram semelhantes. A média de DQO total afluente, no reator piloto e no de escala plena, foi de 271 e 410 mg/L, respectivamente, e as remoções médias de DQO foram de 50,62 e 45,80%, respectivamente. Com relação aos exames parasitológicos, quase não houve remoção em ambos os reatores e, na maior parte dos casos, o número de (oo)cistos detectados no efluente foi maior do que no afluente. Já no reator piloto operado com águas negras, foram observadas remoções mais elevadas. A DQO total afluente desse reator variou de 837 a 3269 mg/L e a remoção média observada foi de 71,22%. Neste reator também foram observadas maiores remoções de (oo)cistos, sendo que a remoção de cistos Giardia spp. variou de 67,73 a 93,69% e, em um dos ensaios, foi observada uma remoção de 70% de oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. Acredita-se que o melhor desempenho desse reator se deve ao seu elevado tempo de detenção hidráulico. Foi avaliada, ainda, a ocorrência de (oo)cistos no lodo dos três reatores, resultando em valores bastante elevados, da ordem de 105 cistos/g de massa seca, em todos eles. De qualquer modo, em todos os reatores avaliados, mesmo o que apresentou as maiores eficiências, o efluente ainda apresentava altas concentrações de poluentes, necessitando de um pós-tratamento para a remoção dos remanescentes de matéria orgânica, sólidos e patógenos.The waterborne diseases are a concern worldwide, and has grown more and more interest in studies related to the protozoa Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. The presence of protozoa in drinking water is related to the release of sewage in water sources. So that, the sewage treatment is extremely important to reduce the risk of outbreaks protozoa. This study evaluated the occurrence and the possibility of removal of Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. in two UASB reactors, a pilot and a full-scale, operated with sewage and a HRT of 8 hours, approximately, and a pilot UASB reactor, operated with simulated black water and an approximate HRT of three days. Removals were similar in both reactors operated with sewage. The average influent total COD, in pilot and full scale reactors, was 271 and 410 mg/L, respectively, and the average COD removal were 50.62 and 45.80%, respectively. With the parasitological test, there was almost no removal in both reactors and, in most cases, the number of (oo)cysts detected in the effluent was higher than in the influent. In the pilot reactor operated with black water, higher removals were observed. The total COD influent of this reactor ranged from 837 to 3269 mg/L and the average removal observed was 71.22%. In this reactor (oo)cysts removals were also higher, and the removal of Giardia cysts ranged from 67.73 to 93.69%, and in one of the trials, a 70% removal of Cryptosporidium spp was observed. It is believed that the best performance of this reactor is due to its high hydraulic retention time. The occurrence of (oo)cysts in the sludge of the three reactors was also evaluated, resulting in very high values of the order of 105 cysts/g of dry weight, in all of them. Anyway, in all this reactor, even the one with the highest efficiency, the effluent still had high concentrations of pollutants, necessitating a post treatment for the removal of remaining organic matter, solids and pathogens

NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES: A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

Neotropical freshwater fisheries : A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES: A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications

NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES: A dataset of occurrence and abundance of freshwater fishes in the Neotropics

The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications