Intangible resources, export channel and performance: is there any fit?

As the resource-based view suggests, firms choose their export channel on the basis of their internal pool of resources. Following this approach, we firstly hypothesize that firms with intangible resources will establish direct export channels to better exploit, protect and develop their firm-specific resources. Secondly, we propose that firms that establish their export channel on the basis of their internal resources outperform those firms that do not. To obtain empirical evidence we used a Heckman two-step model for the DOC Rioja wine industry. The results confirm that firms improve their export performance when jointly considering internal resources and the export channel. Also, human resources are the most relevant intangible resources in our model. This paper contributes by offering empirical evidence on the exporting channel strategies chosen by Spanish wineries. This paper makes a theoretical contribution by examining the performance consequences of following the RBV approach. Likewise, it has important practical implications for managers, who can improve their firm’s export performance by assessing their internal resources before considering which export channel to choose

The role of contracts in viticulture

[ES] A pesar de que los economistas han dedicado enorme esfuerzo a examinar la racionalidad de los contratos en agricultura, pocos estudios se han llevado a cabo en viticultura. Sin embargo, se observan diferencias contractuales en la producción de uva y vino. En el presente trabajo se analizan las estructuras contractuales actualmente utilizadas en varias regiones vitivinícolas. Independientemente de las características inherentes en los contratos, se obtiene que estos mecanismos permiten a las bodegas articular sus requisitos con respecto a la calidad de las uvas producidas por los agricultores.Asimismo, este análisis permite concluir que los contratos son un medio para transferir riesgo y definir las responsabilidades de producción en un sistema de producción de vino. También se observa un número de cuestiones teóricas que necesitan ser analizadas. En particular, los contratos facilitan la coordinación de la relación, pero no aseguran un éxito a largo plazo. También se discute el papel que la reputación desempeña en estas relaciones contractuales.[EN] Although economists have expended enormous effort examining the rationale for the contracts in agriculture, few studies have been undertaken in viticulture. However, in grape and wine production we observe different contractual arrangements. The underlying contractual structures are analyzed in different viticulture regions. Irrespective of the mode of vertical relationship in use between grape growers and those who process or market the grapes, we find that contracts allow wineries to articulate their requirements with regard to the quality of grapes produced by growers.This analysis also allows us to conclude that contracts are a means of transferring risk and defi ning production responsibilities within a wine production system. We also observe a number of lingering theoretical issues that need to be addressed. Contracts facilitate the coordination of the relationship, but they do not ensure the long-term success. We conclude by discussing the role of reputation in contracting relationships

El efecto de la diversificación geográfica de las colaboraciones tecnológicas en los resultados innovadores

Las empresas para mantener su posición competitiva deben implementar estrategias que potencien el desarrollo de nuevos productos como es la estrategia de cooperación, en la que la elección de los socios es una decisión crucial por su influencia en los resultados innovadores. En este trabajo se va a analizar el efecto que la diversidad geográfica de las colaboraciones, en función de la procedencia geográfica de los socios, tiene en los resultados innovadores de la empresa. La proximidad geográfica potencia la transferencia tecnológica, sin embargo, la colaboración con socios internacionales facilita el acceso a recursos no disponibles en el mercado doméstico. No obstante, estos acuerdos pueden suponer un desafío para la empresa, más si tenemos en cuenta el efecto moderador de la capacidad de absorción tecnológica en la integración de este conocimiento.En el análisis empírico, se va a realizar una estimación de un modelo tobit para una amplia muestra de empresas españolas procedentes del Panel de Innovación Tecnológica (PITEC) del año 2016. Los resultados indican que, a pesar de las dificultades de desarrollar acuerdos de cooperación con socios internacionales, la colaboración con socios internacionales, bien de forma exclusiva o integrados en una red con socios nacionales, potencia los resultados de innovación de producto. Además, de forma específica se confirma la influencia que la base tecnológica de la empresa tiene en la explotación de los resultados innovadores de las redes de cooperación, destacando la importancia que estos hallazgos pueden tener para el diseño de las políticas públicas.<br /

Product differentiation strategy and vertical integration: an application to the DOC Rioja wine industry

This study evaluates the importance of product differentiation as a determinant of vertical integration in firms. The proposed model also controls for known determinants of integration, such as transaction costs and firm-level capabilities. By identifying transaction-, firm- and strategy-level determinants, we derive testable predictions about the vertical integration decision. To test these predictions we analyze the Rioja wine industry, using a representative sample of 187 firms. Our paper concludes that reaching judicious vertical integration decisions requires a thorough analysis of some very diverse aspects, especially those related to mitigating opportunism, dealing with unforeseen contingencies and product differentiation

The Speed of the Internationalisation Process and the Institutional Networks of Family SMEs in the DOC Rioja Wine Industry

Institutional networking is a key element in businesses' internationalisation processes and is an important strategy for promoting the long-term growth and survivability of family SMEs in the DOC Rioja wine industry. We hold that the proportion of family members in the TMT plays an important role in strategic decision-making and helps to explain the speed of their internationalisation process. This paper contributes to the scant research on the influence of family involvement in the TMT by analysing the moderating effects of two diversities on the relationship between institutional networking and the speed of internationalisation: the family TMT ratio and generational involvement. Using a broad sample of 77 family wineries in DOC Rioja, the results obtained indicate that institutional networking plays a significant role in explaining the speed of internationalisation in family firms and that this relationship is weaker when a larger proportion of family members serve as top managers. The empirical results also have interesting implications for the managers of family firms as it may help them to identify the effective composition of TMTs to be considered when deciding on the process of internationalisation

The effects of business associations in the export–survival relationship: An application to the DOC Rioja wine industry

Much has been said about the role that business associations play in the survival of firms, but little is known about how this influences the relationship between exports and the survival of firms. Considering the diverging theoretical assumptions about the importance of business associations, we hypothesize in this paper on the direct effect of association membership on the survival of firms, and its moderating effect on the export–survival relationship. For Qualified Designation of Origin (DOC) Rioja wineries, we show that both exporting and association membership have a positive effect on the survival of firms, although association membership reduces the positive effect of exports to survive. These results hold up under alternative survival model specifications. The study explores the complex role of associations in the wine industry, which is important to understand in the context of the current COVID-19 crisis

Determinants of organic wine production: an application in the DOC Rioja wine industry

Aim of study: To analyse the role that valuable resources and agglomeration would play in the decision to produce organic wines. Area of study: The Controlled Designation of Origin (DOC) Rioja wine industry in Spain, the leading qualified denomination of origin of Spain. Material and methods: Taking into account the nature of the dependent variable, a binomial logit model was used. Main results: This paper confirms the significance of valuable resources such as financial resources and human resources, but also of knowledge-based spillovers from proximate organic wineries in improving the probability of producing organic wines. Contrary to expectations, technological resources and experience in the wine industry have no significant effect. Research highlights: The resource based-view and the cluster approach are complementary to improving the predictive elements of producing organic wine in the DOC Rioja wine industry. The authors were unable to pre-register the analysis involving primary data collection before the data collection exercise starts. This requirement is from January 2022 and the survey period of this paper was on 2017. According to the editorial policy of the journal this analysis should be considered exploratory

A training intervention to reduce paternalistic care and promote autonomy: A preliminary study

Introduction: Paternalism, assuming control of aged care, is a widespread orientation in older adults care. Paternalistic attitudes and practices are commonly understood as a threat to the freedom and autonomy of a person, making patients more dependent. Therefore, the reduction of these attitudes and behaviors is a primary goal for any older adult health and social care situation. The aim of this preliminary study is to develop a behavioral intervention to decrease paternalistic behaviors in formal caregivers and to increase those care behaviors which promote autonomy at post-intervention (1 week) and at follow-up (14 weeks). Methods: A sample of 118 professional caregiver volunteers working in day care centers and nursing homes were assigned to quasi-experimental (N=47) and control (N=71) conditions. The intervention consisted of 3 weekly group sessions. Individual and contextual measures were collected: 1) the primary outcome variable was the type of care (paternalistic versus autonomist) measured through the self-report Paternalist/Autonomist Care Assessment (PACA); 2) A 10-item caregiver self-register of paternalistic behaviors was carried out, 3) Finally, in order to assess the potential effects on observed behavior both in caregiver and older adult functioning at a contextual level, the five institutions were assessed through the SERA-RS. Results: Compared with the control group, caregivers in the behavioral intervention group displayed significantly lower paternalistic appraisals at posttest and follow-up. Regarding the intervention group, caregivers at posttest and follow-up showed significantly greater occurrence of autonomist behaviors being promoted and lower paternalistic appraisal. The results regarding the effect on the institutions showed better personnel performance and older adult functioning. Conclusion: Caregivers who followed the intervention learned to better identify older adult needs; although we did not find significant differences in autonomy occurrence compared with the control group, a behavioral intervention may promote more autonomist environments and, therefore, better personnel and older adult functioningThis study has been supported by MINECO Project: PSSI2014-5264-P-ICESEN

¿Es realmente cierto que estar en un Parque Científico y Tecnológico (PCT) mejora el resultado innovador?

Science-Technology Parks (STPs) are designed to promote and boost the innovation of their firms, providing them with numerous benefits. However, the empirical evidence does not confirm it. We question the direct effect of the STP on innovation performance and analyse how being located in an STP improves the results of some entrepreneurial activities. We conclude that the STP does not have a direct impact on innovation performance, but rather its positive effect is as a result of attracting firms with greater technological capabilities. Furthermore, being located in an STP helps firms that collaborate and export to achieve better innovation performance.Los Parques Científicos-Tecnológicos (PCTs) se crean para fomentar la innovación de sus empresas, aportándoles numerosos beneficios. Pero la evidencia empírica no lo constata. Nosotras cuestionamos el efecto directo del PCT sobre el resultado innovador y analizamos cómo la ubicación en un PCT favorece el efecto de algunas actividades empresariales en el resultado innovador. Concluimos que el PCT no tiene un impacto directo en el resultado innovador, sino que su efecto positivo es consecuencia de atraer a empresas con mejores capacidades tecnológicas. Además, ubicarse en un PCT favorece que empresas que colaboran y exportan tengan un mejor resultado innovador

Internacionalización de empresas: Factores determinantes del comportamiento exportador de la PYME.

En la actualidad, las pequeñas y medianas empresas (PYMEs) juegan un papel vital en la economía y son fundamentales para el desarrollo económico y social de un país. El objetivo de este trabajo fin de grado es el estudio de los factores determinantes del comportamiento exportador de estas empresas, desde la perspectiva de recursos y capacidades, centrándose en analizar aquellos factores que ayudan a que tengan éxito a nivel internacional. Para ello primero se analizará el sector vitivinícola a nivel mundial, nacional y autonómico, que se trata del sector que he elegido para la aplicación empírica que realizaré más adelante. Veremos la situación actual de este sector y su evolución a lo largo de los años. Posteriormente se expondrá un marco teórico, bajo la perspectiva de recursos y capacidades, analizando los recursos que favorecen esta internacionalización: recursos tecnológicos, recursos de marketing, recursos humanos, recursos organizativos, tamaño y recursos financieros. Por último se realizará una aplicación empírica a una empresa de éxito internacional, Grupo Bodegas Fernando V de Azcov, que nos permitirá saber qué factores han favorecido esta exitosa internacionalización. Gracias a este estudio podremos conocer en qué factores debemos dedicar más esfuerzos para conseguir una internacionalización de éxito