Slow pyrolysis of specialty coffee residues towards the circular economy in rural areas

Coffee, as one of the most consumed beverages, generates a wide variety of waste materials that can be used as biofuels and bio-products. Conventional pyrolysis can be used in rural areas, improving the circular bioeconomy of these places. In this work, the characterization and slow pyrolysis of specialty coffee residues, coffee silverskin (CSS), and spent coffee (SC) were conducted at temperatures from 300 to 600 °C. Physico-chemical and thermal analysis were carried out. In addition, the quantification of individual compounds as acetic, formic, and levulinic acids, caffeine, and other minor compounds was performed. The results indicate the differences between both waste materials in the obtained pyrolysis fractions. The biochar fraction for SC is lower at all temperatures and the liquid fraction higher, reaching maximum values of 62 wt.% in the liquid at 600 °C compared to 47% in CSS. The higher yield in the liquid fraction of SC corresponds to the higher contents of hemicellulose and extractives and the lower ash content. The calculated calorific value for the pyrolysis solid fractions reaches 21.93 MJ/kg in CSS and 26.45 MJ/kg in SC. Finally, biorefinery options of major components of the liquid fraction were also presented.This research was funded by EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions—RISE, grant number 101007733 (CELISE project), by Solvay, under projects 3399 and 3824, and the European LignoCOST Action, number CA17128 (https://lignocost.eu/, accessed on 1 February 2023)

El mercado de los datos personales: la infuencia del big data en el remarketing = The personal data market: The influence of big data on remarketing

La gestión de datos se está convirtiendo en una de las prioridades de todo negocio que desarrolle su actividad de manera digital. Esa información les permite idear estrategias de marketing mucho más directas hacia sus clientes, revolucionando con ello el concepto que teníamos hasta ahora. Al mismo tiempo se han profesionalizado nuevas figuras encargadas de diseñar e instalar herramientas de rastreo, de análisis, perfilación y protección de datos personales, incluso profesionales encargados de vender o subastar información. Todo este desarrollo ha dado lugar a una reinvención del marketing digital con los términos Remarketing o Retargeting, que por medio de publicidad personalizada pretenden acercarse cada vez más al final del embudo del consumidor. En tal personalización es donde adquieren importancia los métodos de rastreo, de los que sobresalen las cookies. La clave se encuentra en que esta información es capaz de crear un mercado basado en el Big Data, denominado Mercado de Datos, el cual genera importantes ingresos a los estados, es un activo de gran valor para empresas y una herramienta de poder para los consumidores

Gender roles and intimate partner violence among female university students in Spain: A cross-sectional study

Background Traditional gender roles (GRs) have a considerable influence on relationships among couples. These can lead to negative health effects in women; however, their impact on intimate partner violence (IPV) has been less explored, especially among younger women. Objective To explore the association between traditional GRs and several indicators of IPV on a sample of Spanish female university students involved in heterosexual dating relationships. Methods A cross-sectional study involving female university students (n = 1, 005) pursuing ten degrees (four Health Science degrees and six Social Sciences degrees). Data were collected using two validated scales: 1) the Questionnaire on the Gender Determinants of Contraception (COGANT), used to examine four traditional GRs (submissive, blind, and passive attitudes of female students, and male dominance), and 2) the Dating Violence Questionnaire-R (DVQ-R) scale, used to measure five types of IPV-behaviors (coercion, detachment, humiliation, sexual violence, and physical violence), perceived fear, entrapment, and abuse. Logistic and linear regressions were conducted to study the association between GR and a series of IPV indicators in dating relationships. Results Traditional GRs were highly prevalent (57.0% submissive, 52.0% blind attitude, 75.7% passive, and 31.7% identified their boyfriend as being dominant). Up to 66.3% experienced some type of violent behavior. All GRs were significantly associated with IPV indicators. A submissive attitude in female students was the GR that was most strongly associated to total IPV-behavior (adjusted odd ratio [OR] = 3.18; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.29-4.42), followed by male dominance (OR = 2.79: 95% CI:1.71: 4.54). Both GRs were also highly associated with perceived fear, entrapment, and abuse. Conclusions A high presence of traditional GRs was found in the relationships held by female university students, which was significantly associated with IPV indicators. Universities must adopt policies for gender equality and raise awareness on dating violence. Copyright: © 2021 Llano-Suárez et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

Estimating multicountry tourism flows by transport mode

This article describes the methodology used to obtain a harmonized database of country-to-country flows of tourists and visitors built upon the UNWTO original database. Focusing on 74 countries for the period 1995–2018 and starting with data on outbound tourism, we develop a methodology using other alternative indicators from the UNWTO which fills the gaps related to two main indicators (Foreign Visitors by country of Residence and Foreign Tourists by country of Residence). Subsequently, intra-national domestic tourism and the transport mode specific flows are obtained. The paper finally contrasts the robustness of the results obtained with the gravity equation for all flows, thereby confirming the solvency of the process and the final data retrievedH2019/HUM-5761 INNOJOBMAD-C

Technical and environmental improvement of the bleaching sequence of dissolving pulp for fibre production

Reactivity of dissolving pulp is one of the main parameters to determine its availability to be transformed into viscose. It is related to the use of carbon disulphide (CS2). An industrial sequential totally chlorine free bleaching process is used as case study. It is carried out in two stages: (1) Alkaline extraction (EOP) and (2) peroxide bleaching (PO). In order to assess how to decrease the use of carbon disulphide, several experiments were performed at laboratory scale for the two stages mentioned before by modifying the operating conditions: NaOH and H2O2 dosages, time and temperature. Reactivity using a modified Fock’s method and pentosan content was analysed along with quality pulp parameters: α-cellulose, viscosity and lignin content (kappa number). Results showed that reactivity increases through the bleaching process and varies with the chemical dosage in both stages. Pulp obtained at the best conditions had the following characteristics: reactivity, 95.3%; α-cellulose 91.17%; intrinsic viscosity, 448 mL/g; kappa number, 1.81 and pentosan content 2.86%, and as a result, CS2 usage was reduced by 11.88%. At the best conditions obtained in this work, NaOH dosage in PO stage was reduced to zero and temperature was slightly lower, when compared with industrial operating conditions

Comportamiento térmico de verano de diferentes configuraciones de sombra en patios urbanos emplazados en climas áridos : Validación del método y estudio de casos

Desde el punto de vista del diseño bioclimático, las condiciones de confort en los espacios interiores no sólo dependen de la orientación, forma y materialización de la envolvente en torno al proyecto arquitectónico sino también de las condiciones del espacio exterior inmediato, es decir de las características del patio como espacio regulador de las temperaturas exteriores. Los factores climáticos que caracterizan a los climas áridos determinan que el control de las condiciones térmicas de los patios durante la estación cálida depende en gran medida del control de la radiación solar incidente sobre los mismos. El trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos del desarrollo de mediciones en torno a diferentes configuraciones del método de medición, su evaluación y la aplicación de la configuración más eficiente a dos casos de estudio. Dicha configuración consiste básicamente en medir la temperatura del aire a intervalos de 15 minutos mediante la utilización de dattaloggers del tipo HOBO RH protegidos en una caja adicional de plástico perforada a los efectos de evitar su deterioro. Los espacios seleccionados presentan el uso de las estrategias empleadas con mayor frecuencia para bloquear la radiación incidente en patios: protecciones naturales conformadas por vegetación y protecciones artificiales como los toldos de lona de desplazamiento horizontal. Los resultados obtenidos en torno a los ensayos realizados para determinar la configuración del método indican que la utilización de una caja protectora perforada y la toma de datos en intervalos de 15 minutos minimizan las alteraciones instantáneas de temperatura debido a la inercia que produce la protección exterior del dattalogger. Finalmente, los dos casos medidos permiten identificar comportamientos constantes en el periodo de verano, con diferencias de temperatura del orden de 3°C, durante las horas de máxima exposición solar. Estas diferencias se reducen durante la noche en 1°C, presentando los registros de ambos casos estudiados, valores cercanos.From the viewpoint of bioclimatic design, the comfort conditions inside the house depend, not only of orientation, shape and materialization of the envelope around the architectural project, but also, from the conditions of the surrounding environment, i.e. the use of the patio as a regulator of exterior temperatures. The climatic factors that which characterize arid climates determine that the control of the thermal conditions of patios in the warm season largely depends from the control of the solar radiation impinging over them. This work presents the results obtained from the development of measurements for different configurations of the measurement’s method and its application to the study cases. It basically consists in measuring the air temperature every 15 minutes in such cases and in the immediate vial channel –as reference parameter– through the use of HOBO RH type dataloggers, protected by an additional perforated plastic box, to the effect of avoiding its deterioration. The selected cases are related to the use of the most commonly used strategies to block the impinging radiation in the open space: natural protections conformed by vegetation and artificial protections (canvas awnings sliding horizontally). The results obtained on the method’s configuration indicate that the use of a protecting perforated box and the reading of data every 15 minutes minimize the instant alterations and the box’s thermal inertia on the data recording. Finally, the measured cases allow identifying constant behaviours through the summer period with temperature differences around 3°C in the hours of maximum solar exposition. Those differences are reduced to (1°C), getting close to values for different configurations of shade.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES

Comportamiento térmico de verano de diferentes configuraciones de sombra en patios urbanos emplazados en climas áridos : Validación del método y estudio de casos

Desde el punto de vista del diseño bioclimático, las condiciones de confort en los espacios interiores no sólo dependen de la orientación, forma y materialización de la envolvente en torno al proyecto arquitectónico sino también de las condiciones del espacio exterior inmediato, es decir de las características del patio como espacio regulador de las temperaturas exteriores. Los factores climáticos que caracterizan a los climas áridos determinan que el control de las condiciones térmicas de los patios durante la estación cálida depende en gran medida del control de la radiación solar incidente sobre los mismos. El trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos del desarrollo de mediciones en torno a diferentes configuraciones del método de medición, su evaluación y la aplicación de la configuración más eficiente a dos casos de estudio. Dicha configuración consiste básicamente en medir la temperatura del aire a intervalos de 15 minutos mediante la utilización de dattaloggers del tipo HOBO RH protegidos en una caja adicional de plástico perforada a los efectos de evitar su deterioro. Los espacios seleccionados presentan el uso de las estrategias empleadas con mayor frecuencia para bloquear la radiación incidente en patios: protecciones naturales conformadas por vegetación y protecciones artificiales como los toldos de lona de desplazamiento horizontal. Los resultados obtenidos en torno a los ensayos realizados para determinar la configuración del método indican que la utilización de una caja protectora perforada y la toma de datos en intervalos de 15 minutos minimizan las alteraciones instantáneas de temperatura debido a la inercia que produce la protección exterior del dattalogger. Finalmente, los dos casos medidos permiten identificar comportamientos constantes en el periodo de verano, con diferencias de temperatura del orden de 3°C, durante las horas de máxima exposición solar. Estas diferencias se reducen durante la noche en 1°C, presentando los registros de ambos casos estudiados, valores cercanos.From the viewpoint of bioclimatic design, the comfort conditions inside the house depend, not only of orientation, shape and materialization of the envelope around the architectural project, but also, from the conditions of the surrounding environment, i.e. the use of the patio as a regulator of exterior temperatures. The climatic factors that which characterize arid climates determine that the control of the thermal conditions of patios in the warm season largely depends from the control of the solar radiation impinging over them. This work presents the results obtained from the development of measurements for different configurations of the measurement’s method and its application to the study cases. It basically consists in measuring the air temperature every 15 minutes in such cases and in the immediate vial channel –as reference parameter– through the use of HOBO RH type dataloggers, protected by an additional perforated plastic box, to the effect of avoiding its deterioration. The selected cases are related to the use of the most commonly used strategies to block the impinging radiation in the open space: natural protections conformed by vegetation and artificial protections (canvas awnings sliding horizontally). The results obtained on the method’s configuration indicate that the use of a protecting perforated box and the reading of data every 15 minutes minimize the instant alterations and the box’s thermal inertia on the data recording. Finally, the measured cases allow identifying constant behaviours through the summer period with temperature differences around 3°C in the hours of maximum solar exposition. Those differences are reduced to (1°C), getting close to values for different configurations of shade.Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES