Estudio de la mujer emprendedora: el medio rural como oportunidad

La mujer constituye un sujeto especialmente relevante para el desarrollo, no sólo económico, sino también social y cultural de las zonas rurales. Y, en este sentido, el emprendimiento rural en los últimos años ha adquirido un papel cada vez más protagonista, ya que contribuye a la modernización y sostenibilidad de estos entornos gracias a la creación de nuevas empresas que, en muchas ocasiones, implementan nuevos modelos de negocio distintos de los tradicionales. En este trabajo se examinan algunas de las características del perfil de la mujer emprendedora rural, así como sus motivaciones y sus limitaciones en el desarrollo de la actividad. En concreto, en relación con los factores que inciden en la decisión de emprender, se estudia con cierto detenimiento la importancia del capital medioambiental, especialmente puesto en relación con un fenómeno de ‘contraurbanización’ que tiene lugar en la actualidad, y que se conoce con el término ‘naturbanización’. El análisis se aborda desde la perspectiva del estudio de diversos casos reales de emprendimiento rural femenino.The woman constitutes a relevant subject on the development, not only economic but also social and cultural of rural areas. In this sense, recently the entrepreneurship has acquired an increasing leading role because it contributes to the modernization and sustainability of these environments by creating new enterprises that, on many occasions, implement new business models different than the traditional ones. In this study, some of the characteristics of the profile of rural women entrepreneurs and their motivations and limitations are discussed. Specifically, relative to the factors that influence the decision to start an entrepreneurial business, the importance of environmental capital is carefully detailed, especially as related to the phenomenon of contraurbanization which takes place today, known as "naturbanization". This study has been made by analyzing several real case studies of rural female entrepreneurship

Evaluación de la efectividad y seguridad de los antivirales de acción directa de primera generación en el tratamiento de la hepatitis crónica por virus C

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: La introducción en la terapéutica de los antivirales de acción directa de primera generación (Telaprevir y Boceprevir) supuso un gran avance en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la población de pacientes monoinfectados por VHC tratados con Telaprevir y Boceprevir que alcanzan respuesta viral sostenida, el perfil de toxicidad de la terapia así como los costes asociados al tratamiento y al manejo de los efectos adversos en nuestra población de estudio MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo de la totalidad de pacientes que recibieron tratamiento con Telaprevir o Boceprevir, atendidos en la Unidad de Pacientes Externos del Servicio de Farmacia del Hospital de Navarra. Se analizaron variables de eficacia como la respuesta viral al final del tratamiento y la respuesta viral sostenida así como variables de seguridad como la incidencia y la gravedad de los efectos secundarios y los costes asociados. RESULTADOS: Se analiza a una población total de 19 pacientes (TVR=11; BOC=8) de los que el 47,4% eran pacientes naive y 42,1% presentaban fibrosis F4. A las 12 semanas post tratamiento presentaron respuesta Viral Sostenida el 78,9% de los pacientes. Los efectos adversos más frecuentes fueron anemia, neutropenia, leucopenia, cansancio, prurito, exantema, disgeusia y molestias anorectales. En 4 pacientes fue necesaria la interrupción del tratamiento por toxicidad de la terapia. En 3 pacientes fue necesaria la asistencia de urgencia y 3 fueron hospitalizados debido a los efectos adversos. El coste de los recursos adicionales fue de 597 euros por paciente. DISCUSIÓN: La incorporación de los nuevos inhibidores de proteasa al tratamiento convencional supone un aumento de las tasas de RVS, pero también conlleva una mayor incidencia de efectos adversos dermatológicos y hematológicos. El manejo de estos EA hace necesario el empleo de recursos adicionales que incrementan el coste total de la terapia. Por lo que, el conocimiento de las reglas de parada y de los factores predictivos de respuesta pueden maximizar la eficiencia de la triple terapia y minimizar la aparición de efectos secundarios graves.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The development of protease inhibitors such as Telaprevir and Boceprevir was a breakthrough in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C. The aim of the study was to analyze the population of HCV monoinfected patients treated with Boceprevir and Telaprevir reaching sustained viral response and toxicity profile of the therapy and the costs associated with the treatment and management of adverse effects in our population study. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective observational study of the patients treated with Telaprevir and Boceprevir at the outpatient unit of the pharmacy service of Navarra´s Hospital. Efficacy variables as sustained viral response at the end of the treatment and viral response were analyzed. We also analyzed safety endpoints such as the incidence and severity of side effects and the associated costs. RESULTS: A population of 19 patients was analyzed (BOC=8; TVR=11), of which 47.4 % were naive patients and 42.1% had grade 4 fibrosis. At 12 weeks post treatment 78.9% of patients showed sustained viral response. The most common side effects were anemia, neutropenia, leukopenia, fatigue, itching, rash, dysgeusia and anorectal discomfort. In 4 patients treatment was interrupted due to toxicity of the therapy. In 3 patients emergency assistance was needed and other 3 were hospitalized due to adverse effects. The cost of the additional resources was 597 euros / patient. CONCLUSIONS: the incorporation of the new protease inhibitors to conventional treatment involves an increase in SVR rates, but it also carries an increased incidence of dermatologic and hematologic adverse events. The management of these adverse effects requires the use of additional resources that increase the overall cost of therapy. Therefore, knowledge of stopping rules and predictors of response can maximize the efficiency of triple therapy and minimize the occurrence of serious side effects.Máster Universitario en Investigación en Ciencias de la SaludUnibertsitate Masterra Osasun Zientzietako Ikerketa

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression in older adults: A panel data analysis

Background: This paper investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on depression in the older population, an especially vulnerable group for which to date there is limited empirical research. Methods: We employ a panel data consisting of seven waves of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (2010–2020). The breadth and depth of the data considered enabled us to control for individual fixed effects, to adjust for pre-pandemic trends in depression levels and to perform a heterogeneity analysis, depending on the intensity of the lockdown measures implemented and relevant socioeconomic characteristics. Results: We find that, following the COVID-19 pandemic, study participants reported a statistically significant increase in the depressive symptoms by around 0.7 over 8 points as measured by the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) index. The estimated coefficients were larger in November than in July, for individuals who lost their job, retired and women. Interestingly, we observed that mental health has worsened substantially relative to the pre-pandemic period across all income groups of the older population, suggesting a limited role of income as a protective mechanism for mental health. Conclusions: Our findings provide compelling evidence that depression levels amongst older adults have worsened considerably following the COVID-19 pandemic, and that factors other than income, such as social interactions, may be highly relevant for well-being in later life.Universidad de Granada/ CBU

Certains indicateurs de la qualité en Éducation préscolaire

The finding of the true quality indicators in Pre-Primary Education is an objective that has not been fully reached so far, though there is an increasing amount of papers dealing with the topic. To bridge this gap we considered that we could turn to the opinion of the teaching staff about the quality of the Pre-Primary Education and the possibilities of improvement. The work we are presenting here is the result of discussions with doctoral candidates in Pedagogy in an Inter-University Programme that started in 2004 and in which there has been a comprehensive analysis of the documentary sources. In order to obtain the data we have given the participants a self-administered questionnaire based on a quantitative and qualitative methodology. The different options offered by the Lickert scales allowed us to get the opinion of the teaching staff in the different areas under study, whereas the Analysis of the Main Components allowed us to develop an interpretation of certain aspects.Encontrar los auténticos indicadores de la calidad en la Educación infantil es un objetivo aún no totalmente alcanzado, a pesar de la creciente cantidad de escritos en torno a ellos. Para cubrir el trecho que falta hemos considerado necesario contextualizar la opinión del profesorado sobre la calidad de la Educación infantil y las posibilidades de mejora. El trabajo que aquí presentamos es fruto de un debate con doctorandos de Pedagogía en un Programa Interuniversitario que se inició en 2004, en el que no ha faltado un exhaustivo análisis de las fuentes documentales. El instrumento que hemos aplicado para obtener los datos es un cuestionario autoadministrado que utiliza una metodología cuantitativa-cualitativa. Las diferentes opciones de las escalas Lickert nos han permitido recabar la opinión de profesorado en las distintas áreas solicitadas, mientras que el Análisis de Componentes Principales nos ha facilitado la interpretación de determinados aspectos.La recherche de vrais indicateurs de la qualité en Éducation préscolaire est un objectif qui n’est pas encore totalement atteint, malgré la croissante quantité de textes sur le sujet. Pour couvrir cette lacune, nous avons pensé que le mieux était de demander au corps professoral de nous donner leur opinion sur la qualité de l’Éducation préscolaire et sur les possibilités d’amélioration. Le travail que nous présentons ici est le fruit d’un débat avec des élèves au doctorat en Pédagogie dans un programme inter-université qui a commencé en 2004, dans lequel il y a une analyse exhaustive des sources documentaires. L’outil utilisé pour obtenir les données est un questionnaire auto-administré se basant sur une méthodologie quantitative-qualitative. Les options des échelles Lickert nous ont permis d’obtenir l’opinion du corps professoral dans les domaines voulus, alors que l’Analyse des Principales Composantes nous a permis d’interpréter certains aspects.</span

Treating anxiety and depression of cancer survivors: Behavioral activation versus acceptance and commitment therapy

Resumen tomado de la publicaciónTratamiento de ansiedad y depresión en supervivientes de cáncer: activación conductual versus terapia de aceptación. Antecedentes: la activación conductual (AC) y la terapia de aceptación y compromiso (ACT) se plantean como tratamientos especialmente útiles para los problemas emocionales de los supervivientes de cáncer. Se evaluó y comparó la eficacia de ambas terapias aplicadas en formato grupal. Método: se analizaron los cambios pre-post tratamiento en el estado emocional y los patrones de activación/evitación de 52 supervivientes de cáncer con ansiedad y/o depresión que se asignaron aleatoriamente a tres grupos (AC/ACT/control de lista de espera). Resultados: ambas terapias fueron superiores al no tratamiento en todas las variables evaluadas. Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos a favor de la ACT en deterioro social y evitación/rumia. Conclusiones: la AC y la ACT, en formato grupal, son eficaces para el tratamiento de las dificultades emocionales más prevalentes en supervivientes de cáncer. Los resultados apuntan a la activación y la evitación como mecanismos responsables de los cambios.Universidad de Oviedo. Biblioteca de Psicología; Plaza Feijoo, s/n.; 33003 Oviedo; Tel. +34985104146; Fax +34985104126; [email protected]

Activation vs. Experiential avoidance as a transdiagnostic condition of emotional distress: An empirical study

Background: From a contextual transdiagnostic approach, this study focuses on the importance of the processes of Experiential Avoidance and Activation in explaining and treating psychological problems. There exists widespread empirical evidence to suggest that the response pattern known as Experiential Avoidance, a general unwillingness to remain in contact with particular private experiences through the use of maladaptive avoidance strategies, acts as a functional dimension in various psychological problems. Activation, that is, maintaining contact with experiences/conditions of life and consequently with associated sources of reward, is a condition present in most therapeutic processes. Although a great deal of research has analyzed the relationship of the value of reward with the etiology and maintenance of psychological problems, Activation, as a transdiagnostic factor, has been studied less. The aim of this paper is to carry out an empirical study of the relationship between Activation, EA and emotional state and analyze the capacity of these two conditions to discriminate the intensity and symptomatology type in subjects with emotional distress.Methods: The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Environmental Reward Observation Scale (EROS) and Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) were completed by 240 health center users.Results: Of the participants, 55% showed clinically relevant emotional distress. All cases of depression showed clinical anxiety. To discriminate between subjects without (n = 109) and with emotional distress (n = 131), analyses of the ROC curves and logistic regression analysis identified the BADS-Avoidance/Rumination followed by the EROS. To discriminate between subjects with anxiety but without depression (n = 61) and with anxiety and depression (n = 70), the most efficient scales were EROS followed by BADS-Social Impairment.Conclusion: It was shown that people with no emotional complaints maintained greater contact with life experiences and with environmental sources of reward than those with emotional distress. Response patterns showing Experiential Avoidance and a reduction in Activation responses were associated with clinical distress. A reduction in Activation was the condition which distinguished those people with the greatest distress and also the greatest comorbidity of symptoms of depression and anxiety. These data support the transdiagnostic nature of Activation and suggest greater attention should be paid to this concept

Microwave-assisted extraction of Ulva spp. including a stage of selective coagulation of ulvan stimulated by a bio-ionic liquid

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal processing was proposed to recover high valuable compounds with antioxidant and gelling features from Ulva spp. green seaweed. The influence of the extraction conditions on the solubles, ulvan fraction and residual solid phase was studied to achieve a global valorization of the seaweed. A particular emphasis was placed on the selective coagulation of ulvan stimulated by a bio-ionic liquid during the extraction process. The achieved outcomes indicated that the selected microwave treatment exhibited a notable impact on the phytochemical properties of the soluble extracts, with the highest values of sulfate and protein content at 160 °C, and the highest antioxidant features at 200 °C. The most prominent molecular weight distributions were also identified for systems hydrothermal treated at 160 °C. The ulvan analyses showed that those extracted after microwave treatment at 160 °C showed the highest yields, molecular weight and the strongest gel features from the rheological point of view. The presence of the chloride chlorine during the extraction process favored the ulvan performance and the enhancement of the corresponding viscoelastic properties.Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RYC2018-024454-IXunta de Galicia | Ref. ED431F 2020/01ED481D-2022/018Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade de Vigo/CISU

Hydrothermal CO2 reduction using biomass derivatives as reductants

Producción CientíficaA wide range of organic substances, potentially derived from biomass, were tested as reductants for CO2 (as NaHCO3) in hydrothermal media. The reactions were carried out in batch reactors at 300 °C and 3 h. All the substances reduced CO2 to formic acid in yields up to 65%. These results agree to the mechanisms proposed in literature that suggested that reduction is carried out by primary or secondary alcohols. However, some substances without these groups gave significant yields to formic acid so new mechanisms were proposed. Out of all the compounds tested, glucose gave the highest yield to formic acid, probably due to its particular reaction pathways at the studied conditions. Effect of NaOH in the reaction using glucose was investigated to assure that formic acid is produced from bicarbonate. For ethanol and ethylenglycol, additional conditions were tested to study the dependence of the reaction with time and temperature.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Project ENE2014-53459-R

Case management: cost-effectiveness analysis in continuity of patient care of the Complex Chronic Patients Unit

Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre los costes asociados al número y días de ingresos previos y posteriores a la inclusión a la Unidad de pacientes crónicos complejos (PCC). Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de coste-efectividad, descriptivo, con cálculo de medias y desviaciones típicas; además de utilizar la t-Student para muestras pareadas, con el software SPSS v20.0, para un nivel de significación alfa <0,05. Los resultados del cómputo se obtuvieron de la Unidad de Codificación de los pacientes captados por la enfermera gestora de casos, y que sobrevivieron un año en seguimiento por la Unidad PCC. Resultados: Se captaron un total de 132 PCC, con un total de 563 ingresos previos, a 204 post inclusión. La media de número de ingresos al año antes fue de 4,27 (DT: 3,35), y se redujo a 1,55 (DT: 1,74). Por otro lado, el número de días de estancia hospitalaria total se redujo de 3.835 a 1.897 días, que equivale una diferencia de coste estimado en 11165.164,36 de euros. La media de días de ingreso antes fue de 29,05, y se redujo a 14,37 días, encontrando una significación estadística (p<0,001) entre días de ingresos previos y posteriores. Conclusiones: La inclusión en la Unidad PCC garantiza, mediante el liderazgo por la enfermera gestora de casos, una mejora coste-efectiva sin gastos añadidos, por optimizar recursos ya existentes interniveles asistenciales, mediante la identificación de PCC y sus necesidades prioritarias, planificación al alta con informes individualizados y garantizando el contacto.Objective: Evaluate the relationship between the costs associated with the number and days of admission before and after inclusion in the Complex Chronic Patients Unit (CCP). Methods: A descriptive cost-effectiveness analysis was performed, with calculation of arithmetic averages and standard deviations; in addition to using the t-Student for paired samples, with the SPSS v20.0 software, for a significance level alpha <0.05. The results of the computation were obtained from the Coding Unit of the patients recruited by the case manager nurse, who survived one year of follow-up by the CCP Unit. Results: A total of 132 CCP were recruited, with a total of 563 previous admissions, which were reduced to 204 post inclusion. The average number of admissions of the previous year was 4.27 (SD: 3.35), and it was reduced to 1.55 (SD: 1.74). On the other hand, the number of days of total hospital stay was reduced from 3,835 to 1,897 days, which is equivalent to a difference in estimated cost of 11,165,164.36 euros. The average number of days of admission before was 29.05, and it was reduced to 14.37 days, finding a statistical significance (p<0.001) between days of admission before and after. Conclusions: Inclusion in the CCP Unit guarantees, through the leadership of the case manager nurse, a cost-effective improvement without added expenses, by optimizing already existing interlevel care resources, through the identification of CCP and their priority needs, discharge planning with reports individualized and guaranteeing contact

Valorisation of Camellia sinensis branches as a raw product with green technology extraction methods

This work deals with the study of tea stalks from pruning debris using environmental friendly extraction technology to offer new healthy properties. In the manufacturing tea industry, tea trees require to be pruned every year and most of their remains are discarded as a waste with no economic value. Microwave aqueous extraction and pressurized hot water extraction process (autohydrolysis) were used to recover bioactive compounds from the tea branches. Operating at a fixed solid: liquid ratio (1:15), the effect of the maximum heating temperatures from 140 to 220 °C was studied. Liquid extracts were analysed for total phenolic, oligosaccharides, protein, mineral and heavy metals content, as well as for antioxidant capacity. The antitumoral possibilities were also determined for selected samples. The obtained results indicated that both processes could be used as an alternative to recover bioactive compounds from tea wastes, although microwave-assisted extraction allowed saving time when compared with autohydrolysis processing. The temperature exhibited a relevant effect on the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, decreasing with the microwave treatment and increasing with the autohydrolysis temperature. The obtained extracts could be adequate for incorporation in food and non-food fields.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad | Ref. IJCI-2016-27535Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades | Ref. RYC2018- 024454-