Deciphering the constrained total energy expenditure model in humans by associating accelerometer‑measured physical activity from wrist and hip

Thanks to Dr. Herman Pontzer (Duke University) for his valuable feedback. We also thank the following agencies for their funding: Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (11180361 to R.F.-V.); Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport (FPU15/04059 to J.M.A.A.; FPU15/02645 to J.H.M.; FPU14/04172 to F.J.A.-G.); University of Granada (Plan Propio de Investigación 2019 [Programa Contratos-Puente] to F.J.A.-G.; Plan Propio de Investigación 2016 [Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health UCEES]); Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (ACTIBATE study; ACTIVEBRAINS study); Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI13/01393 to ACTIBATE study); Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidades and European Regional Development Funds (FEDER: ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR to ACTIBATE study); Redes Temáticas de Investigación Cooperativa RETIC (Red SAMID RD16/0022 to ACTIBATE study); EXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations (DEP2005-00046/ACTI); Fundación Iberoamericana de Nutrición (ACTIBATE study); AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation (ACTIBATE study); PTA 12264-I to FIT-AGEING study.Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-021-91750-x.The constrained total energy expenditure (TEE) model posits that progressive increases in physical activity (PA) lead to increases in TEE; but after certain PA threshold, TEE plateaus. Then, a compensatory reduction in the expenditure of non-essential activities constrains the TEE. We hypothesized that high PA levels as locomotion associate with a compensatory attenuation in arm movements. We included 209 adults (64% females, mean [SD] age 32.1 [15.0] years) and 105 children (40% females, age 10.0 [1.1] years). Subjects wore, simultaneously, one accelerometer in the non-dominant wrist and another in the hip for ≥ 4 days. We analyzed the association between wrist-measured (arm movements plus locomotion) and hip-measured PA (locomotion). We also analyzed how the capacity to dissociate arm movements from locomotion influences total PA. In adults, the association between wrist-measured and hip-measured PA was better described by a quadratic than a linear model (Quadratic-R2 = 0.54 vs. Linear-R2 = 0.52; P = 0.003). Above the 80th percentile of hip-measured PA, wrist-measured PA plateaued. In children, there was no evidence that a quadratic model fitted the association between wrist-measured and hip-measured PA better than a linear model (R2 = 0.58 in both models, P = 0.25). In adults and children, those with the highest capacity to dissociate arm movements from locomotion—i.e. higher arm movements for a given locomotion—reached the highest total PA. We conclude that, in adults, elevated locomotion associates with a compensatory reduction in arm movements (probably non-essential fidgeting) that partially explains the constrained TEE model. Subjects with the lowest arm compensation reach the highest total PA.AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation PTA 12264-IEXERNET Research Network on Exercise and Health in Special Populations DEP2005-00046/ACTIFundación Iberoamericana de NutriciónFondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico 11180361 FONDECYTMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad MINECOInstituto de Salud Carlos III PI13/01393 ISCIIIUniversidad de Granada UGREuropean Regional Development Fund RD16/0022,SOMM17/6107/UGR ERDFConsejería de Conocimiento, Investigación y Universidad, Junta de AndalucíaVicerrectorado de Investigación y Transferencia, Universidad de Granada Health [UCEES]),Plan Propio de Investigación 2016 (Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise,Plan Propio de Investigación 2019 (Programa Contratos-Puente

Ischemic postconditioning fails to reduce infarct size in pig models of intermediate and prolonged ischemia

This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (“RETOS 2019” grant No PID2019-107332RB-I00 to B.I). B.I is funded by the European Commission (ERC-CoG grant No 819775, and H2020-HEALTH grant No 945118). J.N. is recipient of a predoctoral grant (Jordi Soler Soler) through CIBERCV. The CNIC is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Ministry of Science and Innovation and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (CEX2020-001041-S).S

Environmental hypoxia favors myoblast differentiation and fast phenotype but blunts activation of protein synthesis after resistance exercise in human skeletal muscle

We hypothesized that a single session of resistance exercise performed in moderate hypoxic (FiO2: 14%) environmental conditions would potentiate the anabolic response during the recovery period spent in normoxia. Twenty subjects performed a 1-leg knee extension session in normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Muscle biopsies were taken 15 min and 4 h after exercise in the vastus lateralis of the exercised and the nonexercised legs. Blood and saliva samples were taken at regular intervals before, during, and after the exercise session. The muscle fractional-protein synthetic rate was determined by deuterium incorporation into proteins, and the protein-degradation rate was determined by methylhistidine release from skeletalmuscle.Wefoundthat:1)hypoxiablunted the activation of protein synthesis after resistance exercise; 2) hypoxia down-regulated the transcriptional program of autophagy; 3) hypoxia regulated the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism at rest and the genes involved in myoblast differentiation and fusion and in muscle contraction machinery after exercise; and 4) the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha pathway was not activated at the time points studied. Contrary to our hypothesis, environmental hypoxia did not potentiate the short-term anabolic response after resistance exercise, but it initiated transcriptional regulations that could potentially translate into satellite cell incorporation and higher force production in the long term

Activating transcription factor 3 regulates chemokine expression in contracting C2C12 myotubes and in mouse skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise.

Activating transcription factor (ATF) 3 regulates chemokine expression in various cell types and tissues. Herein, we studied this regulation in contracting muscle cells in vitro, and in skeletal muscle after muscle-damaging exercise in vivo. C2C12 myotubes with normal or low ATF3 levels (atf3_siRNA) were electrically stimulated (EPS). Also, ATF3-knockout (ATF3-KO) and control mice ran downhill until exhaustion, and muscles were analyzed post-exercise. EPS increased ATF3 levels in myotubes (P < 0.01). Chemokine C-C motif ligand (ccl) 2 mRNA increased post-EPS, but atf3_siRNA attenuated the response (P < 0.05). Atf3_siRNA up-regulated ccl6 basal mRNA, and down-regulated ccl9 and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (cxcl) 1 basal mRNAs. Post-exercise, ATF3-KO mice showed exacerbated mRNA levels of ccl6 and ccl9 in soleus (P < 0.05), and similar trends were observed for ccl2 and interleukin (il) 1β (P < 0.09). In quadriceps, il6 mRNA level increased only in ATF3-KO (P < 0.05), and cxcl1 mRNA showed a similar trend (P = 0.082). Cluster of differentiation-68 (cd68) mRNA, a macrophage marker, increased in quadriceps and soleus independently of genotype (P < 0.001). Our data demonstrate that ATF3 regulates chemokine expression in muscle cells in vitro and skeletal muscle in vivo, but the regulation differs in each model. Cells other than myofibers may thus participate in the response observed in skeletal muscle. Our results also indicate that ATF3-independent mechanisms would regulate macrophage infiltration upon muscle-damaging exercise. The implications of chemokine regulation in skeletal muscle remain to be determined

Data_Sheet_1_Work/household, transport, and leisure domains account for the sex gap in physical activity in Chile.pdf

BackgroundWomen usually have lower levels of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) than men. This sex gap can be accounted for by differences in MVPA in the work/household, transport, and/or leisure domains. Identifying where the differences lay in a context-specific manner may help close the gap. We aimed to compare MVPA by domain, and the relative contribution of each domain to total MVPA, between men and women in Chile.MethodsWe analyzed the cross-sectional National Health Survey of Chile 2016–2017 (n = 5,056, 64% women, ≥18 years old). MVPA was estimated with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. MVPA was expressed in MET × min/week, and the relative contribution to total MVPA by each domain was expressed as percentage. Analyses were conducted including all participants, and also including participants reporting >0 MET × min/week of MVPA (relative contributions can only be computed in the latter).ResultsIncluding all participants, women (vs. men) had lower MVPA (median [25–75th percentile]) for work/household (0 [0–960] vs. 0 [0–5,760] MET × min/week), for transport (360 [0–1,200] vs. 600 [0–1,680] MET × min/week), and for leisure domains (0 [0–0] vs. 0 [0–480] MET × min/week). Including only participants with >0 MET × min/week of MVPA, women (vs. men) had lower mean relative contributions to total MVPA from work/household (31.3 vs. 35.9%) and leisure domains (10.8 vs. 16.3%, respectively), but higher from the transport domain (57.9 vs. 47.8%).ConclusionIn Chile, differences in all physical activity domains account for the sex gap in MVPA. Strategies to break job stereotypes, increase opportunities for leisure, and ease active transport are required to encourage MVPA in women.</p

Activating transcription factor 3 attenuates chemokine and cytokine expression in mouse skeletal muscle after exercise and facilitates molecular adaptation to endurance training

Activating transcription factor (ATF)3 regulates the expression of inflammation-related genes in several tissues under pathological contexts. In skeletal muscle, atf3 expression increases after exercise, but its target genes remain unknown. We aimed to identify those genes and to determine the influence of ATF3 on muscle adaptation to training. Skeletal muscles of ATF3-knockout (ATF3-KO) and control mice were analyzed at rest, after exercise, and after training. In resting muscles, there was no difference between genotypes in enzymatic activities or fiber type. After exercise, a microarray analysis in quadriceps revealed ATF3 affects genes modulating chemotaxis and chemokine/cytokine activity. Quantitative PCR showed that the mRNA levels of chemokine C-C motif ligand (ccl)8 and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand (cxcl)13 were higher in quadriceps of ATF3-KO mice than in control mice. The same was observed for ccl9 and cxcl13 in soleus. Also in soleus, ccl2, interleukin (il)6, il1β, and cluster of differentiation (cd)68 mRNA levels increased after exercise only in ATF3-KO mice. Endurance training increased the basal mRNA level of hexokinase-2, hormone sensitive lipase, glutathione peroxidase-1, and myosin heavy chain IIa in quadriceps of control mice but not in ATF3-KO mice. In summary, ATF3 attenuates the expression of inflammation-related genes after exercise and thus facilitates molecular adaptation to training.-Fernández-Verdejo, R., Vanwynsberghe, A. M., Essaghir, A., Demoulin, J.-B., Hai, T., Deldicque, L., Francaux, M. Activating transcription factor 3 attenuates chemokine and cytokine expression in mouse skeletal muscle after exercise and facilitates molecular adaptation to endurance training

Exploring Fruit and Vegetable Waste in Homeless Shelters that Receive Surplus Donation from a Wholesale Market in Chile

Redistribution of food surplus helps to prevent waste production and feed hungry people. But this has not been tested in the context of a wholesale market that redistributes fruit and vegetable surplus to homeless shelters. We aimed to compare the amount of fruit and vegetable waste between shelters that received or did not receive a surplus donation in Chile. We also explored possible causes that explained the waste. Five homeless shelters that received donations (HS+DON) and five that did not (HS) were included. For three days, fruit and vegetable waste was disposed into containers for direct quantification. The amount of waste was compared between groups using the Mann&ndash;Whitney U test, both in winter and spring. A questionnaire was applied to identify causes of waste. For vegetables, we found no difference in the median (25th percentile&ndash;75th percentile) waste of HS+DON vs. HS (winter: 152 (83&ndash;262) vs. 104 (63&ndash;163) g per person/day, p-value = 0.22; spring: 114 (61&ndash;229) vs. 63 (50&ndash;132) g per person/day, p-value = 0.41). HS had no fruit waste, thus, fruit waste was higher in HS+DON in both seasons (winter: 74 (16&ndash;134); spring: 13 (6&ndash;40) g per person/day). The main reasons explaining waste were excessive donation, looking badly, and smelling moldy. In conclusion, redistribution of fruit and vegetable surplus helped to reduce waste at the wholesale market and to feed homeless shelters&rsquo; beneficiaries with nutritious food. But efforts are still required to avoid excessive donation of surplus soon-to-be spoiled. We propose a tailored donation plan to reduce waste to the unavoidable one

Metabolic flexibility to lipid availability during exercise is enhanced in individuals with high insulin sensitivity

© 2018 the American Physiological Society. Metabolic flexibility to lipid (MetFlex-lip) is the capacity to adapt lipid oxidation to lipid availability. Hypothetically, impaired MetFlex-lip in skeletal muscle induces accumulation of lipid metabolites that interfere with insulin signaling. Our aim was to compare MetFlex-lip during exercise in subjects with low (Low_IS) vs. high (High_IS) insulin sensitivity. Twenty healthy men were designated as Low_IS or High_IS on the basis of the median of the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index. Groups(V had similar age, body mass index,V and maximum oxygen uptakeO2max). Subjects cycled at 50%O2max until expending 650 kcal. Adaptation in lipid oxidation was calculated as the drop in respiratory quotient (RQ) at the end of exercise vs. the maximum RQ (ωRQ). Lipid availability was calculated as the increase in circulating nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) at the end of exercise vs. the minimum NEFA (ωNEFA). ωRQ as a function of ωNEFA was used to determine MetFlex-lip. On average, RQ and circulating NEFA changed similarly in both groups. However, ωRQ correlated with ωNEFA in High_IS (r ==0.83, P \u3c 0.01) but not in Low_IS (r ==0.25, P = 0.48) subjects. Thus the slope of the ωRQ vs. ωNEFA relationship was steeper in High_IS vs. Low_IS subjects (=0.139 ± 0.03 vs. =0.025 ± 0.03 RQ·mmol-1·l-1, respectively; P \u3c 0.05), with similar intercepts. We conclude that in subjects with High_IS lipid-to-carbohydrate oxidation ratio adapts to the increased circulating NEFA availability during exercise. Such Met-Flex-lip appears impaired in subjects with Low_IS. Whether a cause-effect relationship exists between impaired MetFlex-lip and low insulin sensitivity remains to be determined

Tailored Informational Interventions for Reducing Surplus and Waste of Fruits and Vegetables in a Food Market: A Pilot Study

This pilot study explored the effectiveness of tailored informational interventions to reduce the surplus and waste of fruits and vegetables at the distribution level in Chile. Stalls from a fresh food market were randomized to intervention (n = 5 selling fruits, n = 5 selling vegetables) or control (n = 4 selling fruits, n = 4 selling vegetables) groups. The causes of surplus and waste were estimated by questionnaires. Surplus, avoidable waste, and unavoidable waste were measured using direct quantification before and after the intervention, and were expressed relative to the initial stock. Before the intervention, the surplus was (median [25th–75th percentile]) 46.2% [33.3–51.2] for fruits and 51.5% [41.3–55.0] for vegetables; avoidable waste was 0.1% [0.0–0.8] for fruits and 1.8% [0.7–5.3] for vegetables; and unavoidable waste was 0.0% [0.0–1.0] for fruits and 0.0% [0.0–1.3] for vegetables. Planning and storage represented the main causes explaining surplus and waste. After the intervention, the intervention group decreased the surplus of fruits compared to the control group (−17.8% [−29.0–−11.0] vs. 5.8% [−0.6–7.8], respectively; p = 0.016), without other differences. In conclusion, tailored informational interventions based on the causes of surplus and waste may reduce the surplus of fruits in a fresh food market. Interventions might also include management strategies for the surplus to improve grocers’ business operations

<p align="justify">Indicadores de rendimiento defensivo en baloncesto en los ganadores y perdedores. (Performance indicators defensive basketball winners and losers.)

ResumenEl objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar las diferencias en la utilización a lo largo del partido de algunos aspectos técnico-tácticos defensivos en baloncesto, entre equipos ganadores y perdedores. Se analizaron todas las fases de ataque (n=2305) llevadas a cabo a lo largo de 12 partidos de la etapa de playoff del campeonato chileno Dimayor jugado el año 2006. En cada fase de ataque se analizaron las siguientes variables en relación con el equipo defensor: (1) Tipo de defensa (individual, zonal, mixta, otras); (2) Presión en la transición ofensiva; (3) Cambios defensivos; (4) Ayudas defensivas; (5) Pases interiores; (6) Grado de oposición al lanzamiento (bajo, medio, alto); (7) Puntos recibidos; (8) Rebotes defensivos; (9) Resultado final del partido. Los resultados más significativos muestran que: a) a lo largo de todo el partido, los equipos ganadores alternan más entre la defensa individual y zonal, mientras que los perdedores alternan entre individual, zonal y mixta; b) las diferencias de puntos en el marcador se producen en el primer y tercer periodo de juego; c) los perdedores presionan más la transición ofensiva en los dos últimos periodos de juego; d) en el cuarto periodo, los equipos perdedores son mejores capturando rebotes defensivos en comparación con los ganadores; e) los cambios defensivos, ayudas sobre el hombre con balón y pases interiores permitidos, no diferencian a ganadores de perdedores en ningún periodo.AbstractThe object of the present study was to analyze the differences in the use of certain technical and tactical defensive aspects throughout a game in basketball, between winning and losing teams. All attack phases (n=2305) done during 12 play-off games of the 2006 Dimayor Chilean championship were analyzed. In each attack phase the following variables were analyzed in regard to the team in defense: (1) type of defense (man-to-man, zone, combination, other); (2) pressure in the transition offense; (3) defensive switches; (4) defensive help; (5) inside passes; (6) degree of shot opposition (low, medium, high); (7) points received; (8) defensive rebounds; and (9) game result. The most significant results demonstrate that: a) throughout the game, winning teams alternate more between man-to-man and zone defenses, while losing teams alternate between man-to-man, zone, and combination; b) the point differences on the scoreboard occur in the first and third periods of the game; c) losing teams use more pressure in the transition offense in the last two periods of the game; d) in the fourth period, losing teams make more defensive rebounds than winning teams; e) defensive switches, defensive help to guard the player with the ball, and allowing inside passes do not differentiate winning and losing teams in any period of the game.</p