Organic matter content influence on soil phy-sical properties

[Abstract] Soil physical characteristics of agricultural soils with a range of texture and organic matter content, i. e., dry and wet pore space organisation, were investigated. In order to study the specific effect of organic matter for each soil, frequently both grassland and cultivated adjacent land were sampled. Because of the complexity of the soil particle structure, measurements were performed at the textural level on 2-3 mm aggregates. The compactness of grassland horizons was found to be lower than that of its cultivated counterparts. Mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that lacunar pores prevailed, whose volume increased as organic carbon content increased. The volume of clay-fabric pores was very small and did not appear to depend on the variation in organic matter content. Water content near saturation increased with increasing organic matter content and for potentials of about 1,500 kPa water retention curves tended to converge. Pore size distribution patterns as measured mercury intrusion porosimetry and derivedfrom water retention characteristics were compared. The low shrinkage potential of moderately coarse and medium textured soils was also verified. A lack of potential for regeneration of good soil structure by fragmentation was deduced from the shrinkage curves

Directrices para seleccionar test psicológicos en el ámbito clínico forense

El considerable desarrollo de la evaluación psicológica en España ha puesto a disposición de los psicólogos que trabajan en el ámbito clínico forense un número muy grande de test psicológicos y, en consecuencia, una de las tareas a las que deben enfrentarse es decidir qué test en concreto deberían utilizar en una evaluación forense dada. Esta decisión implica, en primer lugar, determinar los objetivos de la evaluación forense y la población a la que pertenece la persona evaluada, y, en segundo lugar, valorar la adecuación a esos objetivos y a esa población de las características del test y de las interpretaciones de las medidas que ese test proporciona. Para hacer esta valoración, Heilbrun (1992) propuso siete directrices que tienen en cuenta criterios psicométricos así como criterios de disponibilidad, documentación, aplicación, interpretación y relevancia para las cuestiones forenses. En este trabajo, se han actualizado, ampliado y especificado esas directrices con el objetivo último de que las mismas puedan servir de ayuda a los psicólogos españoles que trabajan en el ámbito clínico forense. Finalmente, se ejemplifica la utilidad de esas directrices analizando a partir de ellas los test más utilizados para la evaluación de la gravedad de la depresión en la población clínica española

Study of the Training of Environmentalists through Gamification as A University Course

The United Nations Agenda for 2030 lists Sustainable Development Goals which include quality education, which we have pursued in the Undergraduate Final Project of the Environmental Sciences Degree at the University of Granada (Spain). This entailed designing sustainable cities, including the management of natural hazards. We created an innovative didactic model using gamification, in which the student adopted the researcher role using the computer game Cities: Skylines as a simulation tool. Using a design-based method, we conducted a qualitative single-case study in which the professor observed the process and guided the student’s self-learning in a fun way. Under this guidance, the student made decisions alone in order to simulate a sustainable city, and afterwards to analyse the findings. Three variables were considered in order to evaluate the results concerning the quality of the student’s learning: (1) the experiment using the game, (2) motivation, and (3) the skills acquired. In all three, the student earned a high score. Of the 12 skills established as the specific goals of the teaching plan, the student reached a very high level in 10, and a high level in two, implying the overall success of the learning process. The study achieved its main goal, as an innovative didactic methodology was established based on student’s research, using gamification and simulation with a technological tool. Moreover, the case study gave positive results, with the student proving capable of developing scientific and professional competencies at an optimal level

Ideas equivocadas sobre la depresión y su tratamiento (I)

Este trabajo y su segunda parte (Sanz y García-Vera, 2017) analizan la veracidad de diez ideas sobre la depresión y su tratamiento que se defienden en medios de comunicación de amplia difusión en Internet o en algunas guías de práctica clínica y manuales de psicopatología o psiquiatría de prestigio. Estas ideas obstaculizan que los pacientes accedan a un tratamiento adecuado para su depresión y favorecen la medicalización del mismo en perjuicio de los tratamientos psicológicos. En este primer trabajo se contrastan cuatro ideas sobre la naturaleza de la depresión con los resultados de la literatura científica. Una revisión de esta literatura indica que, contrariamente a esas ideas: a) la depresión es considerada actualmente un trastorno mental, no una enfermedad mental; b) la existencia de una causa biológica es simplemente una hipótesis más, no una realidad constatada empíricamente de manera inequívoca; c) los acontecimientos vitales negativos aumentan el riesgo de depresión mientras que la extraversión y el optimismo lo disminuyen, y d) existen tasas de simulación de depresión pequeñas, pero nada despreciables, en contextos clínicos tanto ordinarios como legales o forenses. Los resultados se discuten en el contexto de la fiabilidad de la información sobre la salud en Internet

Psychopathological consequences of terrorist attacks in adult victims and their treatment: state of question

El objetivo de este trabajo es describir el estado actual de la investigación sobre las consecuencias psicopatológicas de los atentados terroristas en las víctimas adultas y su tratamiento. A partir de los resultados de revisiones narrativas y metaanalíticas de dicha investigación y de los estudios empíricos más recientes, especialmente, de los realizados con víctimas en España, se extraen once conclusiones sobre cuántas víctimas adultas desarrollarán trastornos psicológicos, qué trastornos psicológicos serán los más frecuentes, cuál será el curso de esos trastornos, qué tipos de víctimas se verán más afectadas y cuál será el tratamiento más adecuado para sus trastornos. Las conclusiones convergen en sugerir que, tras un atentado terrorista, tanto las víctimas directas como indirectas (y entre estas últimas, especialmente los familiares directos de los fallecidos y heridos en el atentado), necesitarán un seguimiento psicológico y una atención psicológica a corto, medio, largo y muy largo plazo.The aim of this paper is to describe the current state of research on the psychopathological consequences of terrorist attacks in adult victims and their treatment. From the results of narratives and meta-analytic reviews of this research and the most recent empirical studies, especially those carried out with victims in Spain, eleven conclusions are extracted on the number of adult victims that develop psychological disorders, the psychological disorders that are most common, the course of these psychological disorders, the types of victims that are most affected, and the most appropriate treatment for their disorders. These conclusions converge to suggest that, after a terrorist attack, both direct and indirect victims (and among the latter, especially the relatives of those killed and wounded in the attack), will need psychological follow-up and care in the short, medium, long and very long term.Depto. de Personalidad, Evaluación y Psicología ClínicaFac. de PsicologíaTRUEMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)Asociación Víctimas del Terrorismo (AVT)pu

Psychopathological consequences of terrorism: the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of terrorist attacks

This chapter is aimed at reviewing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after terrorist attacks. The data and results of a meta-analysis by DiMaggio and Galea (2006) were reviewed and its conclusions were qualified, upgraded and extended with the results from new studies and new analyses. After terrorist attacks, 18-40% of direct victims will develop PTSD, whereas the percentage of indirect victims with PTSD will be lower, but nonetheless above its habitual prevalence in the general population. At one year of terrorist attacks, a significant reduction of PTSD can be expected in the affected community and in the emergency and rescue personnel, but not in the injured victims and in the friends and relatives of the injured and mortal victims. The implications of these results for the psychological treatment of terrorism victims are discussed

Rare diseases: nature, characteristics and biopsychosocial intervention

La definición estándar de enfermedad no es aplicable a las enfermedades raras, entre otras, por las siguientes razones: a) Existe una dificultad notable a la hora de clasificar estas enfermedades, b) Presentan inconvenientes metodológicos importantes cuando se investiga con muestras tan reducidas de sujetos, y c) Existe una variabilidad significativa de síntomas clínicos que dificulta el diagnóstico. Las enfermedades raras forman un conjunto amplio y variado de trastornos que afecta a un reducido número de personas. Mayoritariamente son genéticas, hereditarias, graves, incurables, degenerativas y con alta tasa de mortalidad. Un porcentaje alto cursa con retraso mental y alteraciones severas en el lenguaje y la cognición. La calidad de vida suele estar comprometida con pérdida de autonomía y representa una carga socio-sanitaria para las familias y el Estado, por ello se hace imprescindible la atención biopsicosocial, con la integración del/la trabajador/a social en las distintas fases de la intervención.___________________________________________________The standard definition of disease does not apply to rare diseases for the following reasons: a) there is a notable difficulty in classifying these diseases, b) there are significant methodological disadvantages in investigating small samples of subjects, and c) there is a significant variability of clinical symptoms, which makes diagnosis difficult. Rare diseases are a broad and varied group of disorders that affect a small number of people. Most of them are genetic, hereditary, serious, incurable, degenerative and with a high mortality rate. A high percentage presents mental deficiency and severe disorders in language and cognition. Quality of life is often related to loss of autonomy and represents a socio-sanitary burden for families and the State. Therefore, biopsychosocial care is essential together with the integration of social workers in the different stages of intervention

Alternativa metodológica para el desarrollo del trabajo independiente en la enseñanza-aprendizaje de la matemática, para la modalidad semipresencial

La presente trabajo es el resultado de una investigación doctoral, en la que se prepone una alternativa metodológica para transformar la organización y orientación del trabajo independiente en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la matemática en la modalidad semipresencial. La alternativa se fundamenta en una concepción desarrolladora del aprendizaje, en la cual se conciben tareas de aprendizaje que incluyen acciones para promover el aprendizaje de forma independiente. Se muestra su implementación en el tema de Ecuaciones Diferenciales y se describen los resultados de su aplicación así como de la consulta a expertos, los que permitieron valorar su efectividad

Working Environment in Nursing: Needs Improvement?

Background: Knowing the quality of life of professionals is important because it is related to job performance, better results, and greater productivity, which results in better patient care. Objective: To know the Professional Quality of Life perceived by the nurses at the Geriatric Hospital of Toledo (Spain). Method: A descriptive cross-section study was employed to measure the Professional Quality of Life of all healthcare nurses (69 in total) at the Geriatric Hospital of Toledo. The questionnaire used as a measuring instrument was the Professional Quality of Life - 35. The data obtained was analyzed by means of: descriptive statistics, single-factor ANOVA variance analysis, T Student tests, and simple and multiple regression analysis. The study was approved by both the research commission and the ethics commission at the Hospital Complex of Toledo. Participation in the study on behalf of the nursing staff was voluntary. Results: In total, 45 responses were obtained (65.2%). The overall mean score measured the perceived Professional Quality of Life to be low. In relation to the three dimensions evaluated in the study, the highest average found was in “intrinsic motivation,” followed by “workload”, and then “management support.” In the multivariate analysis, “management support” was shown as the most influential factor in the Professional Quality of Life with a 23% influence (P<0.001), followed by workload with 9% (P = 0.01). Conclusions: The professionals at the participating center perceive their workplace as having an elevated degree of responsibility, a large quantity of work, a high occurrence of rushes and fatigue, and all this with little support on behalf of management. Promotions are scarce or the policies for receiving a promotion are inadequate. The perception of Professional Quality of Life in nursing is low. The obtained results indicate a need for an organizing cultural change based on participation, motivation, and increased management support

高等教育数字创业能力的分析工具

Entre las competencias clave que el alumnado debe adquirir podemos encontrar la digital y el emprendimiento. Del análisis comparativo de ambas surge el modelo EmDigital. Este modelo describe la competencia de emprendimiento digital a partir de cuatro áreas y 15 sub-competencias. El objetivo del estudio es validar un instrumento cuantitativo para medir la competencia de emprendimiento digital en universitarios. Para ello se han utilizado las siguientes técnicas: grupo focal, juicio de expertos, entrevistas cognitivas y Análisis Factorial Exploratorio. Se ha utilizado una muestra piloto compuesta por 190 estudiantes de último curso de Grado (60% eran mujeres con edad media de 24.97). La fiabilidad mostrada por el instrumento ha sido muy buena. Los resultados del AFE muestran 4 factores que explican el 43% de la varianza. A partir de los resultados se ha revisado el instrumento y creado la versión definitiva del mismo, que presentamos en el artículo. Los datos solo reflejan diferencias en función del género en una de las dimensiones del instrumento, concretamente en la identificación de oportunidades, donde los hombres puntúan más alto.Entrepreneurship and digital skills are key competences that students must acquire throughout their formal education. The EmDigital model was developed to assess digital entrepreneurship competence by combining both. This model describes the competence of digital entrepreneurship in terms of four areas and 15 subcompetences. The aim of the study is to validate a quantitative instrument to measure digital entrepreneurship competence in university students. The following techniques were used: focus group, expert judgement, cognitive interviews and Exploratory Factor Analysis. A pilot sample of 190 final year undergraduate students (60% were female with an average age of 24.97) was used. The reliability of the instrument was very good. The AFE results show an instrument composed of 4 factors that explain 43% of the variance. Based on the results, the instrument has been revised and a definitive questionnaire has been created. This final version of the questionnaire is introduced in this article. The data only reflect gender differences in one of the dimensions of the instrument, namely the identification of opportunities, where men score higher.Entre as competências-chave que os estudantes devem adquirir estão as competências digitais e o empreendedorismo. O modelo EmDigital emerge de uma análise comparativa de ambas. Este modelo descreve a competência do empreendedorismo digital em termos de quatro áreas e 15 subcompetências. O objetivo do estudo é validar um instrumento quantitativo para medir a competência de empreendedorismo digital em universitários. Foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: grupo focal, parecer de especialistas, entrevistas cognitivas e Análise Factorial Exploratória. Foi utilizada uma amostra piloto composta por 190 estudantes do último ano do grau (60% eram mulheres com uma idade média de 24,97 anos). A fiabilidade demonstrada pelo instrumento foi muito boa. Os resultados da AFE mostram 4 fatores que explicam 43% da variância. Com base nos resultados, o instrumento foi revisto e foi criada uma versão final do instrumento, que apresentamos no artigo. Os dados refletem apenas diferenças de género numa das dimensões do instrumento, concretamente na identificação de oportunidades, em que os homens têm uma pontuação mais elevada.Entre as competências-chave que os estudantes devem adquirir estão as competências digitais e o empreendedorismo. O modelo EmDigital emerge de uma análise comparativa de ambas. Este modelo descreve a competência do empreendedorismo digital em termos de quatro áreas e 15 subcompetências. O objetivo do estudo é validar um instrumento quantitativo para medir a competência de empreendedorismo digital em universitários. Foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas: grupo focal, parecer de especialistas, entrevistas cognitivas e Análise Factorial Exploratória. Foi utilizada uma amostra piloto composta por 190 estudantes do último ano do grau (60% eram mulheres com uma idade média de 24,97 anos). A fiabilidade demonstrada pelo instrumento foi muito boa. Os resultados da AFE mostram 4 fatores que explicam 43% da variância. Com base nos resultados, o instrumento foi revisto e foi criada uma versão final do instrumento, que apresentamos no artigo. Os dados refletem apenas diferenças de género numa das dimensões do instrumento, concretamente na identificação de oportunidades, em que os homens têm uma pontuação mais elevada.数字能力和创业能力是学生在高等教育阶段应该习得的重要能力。EmDigital模型正是诞生于对这两种能力的对比分析中。该模型从4个领域15项次能力对数字创业能力进行描述。此项研究的目标是对测量大学生数字创业能力的定量工具进行验证。研究采用下列技术：焦点小组、专家判断、认知访谈和探索性因素分析。使用由190名本科应届毕业生（其中60%为女生，平均年龄为24.97岁）组成的试点样本。该工具呈现出了良好的信度，同时探索性因素分析的结果显示4项因素解释了43%的方差。在此结果上，我们对工具进行了检验并确定了工具的最终版本。根据学生性别的不同，数据只在工具的一个维度，具体来说是机会识别维度上反映出了差异，在这个维度上男生给出的评分比女生高