Pulsed Gas Chromatographic Separation Final Report

Feasibility of separating binary-gas mixtures based on pulsed-mode gas adsorption/desorptio

The integration of kinesthetic learning through the math & movement program: pilot study.

Purpose: The primary purpose of this pilot study was to verify that the use of kinesthetic learning (Math & Movement Program) in the classroom increases retention of multiplication facts at a greater rate than traditional drill and practice. The Math & Movement Program uses a kinesthetic learning-based approach for practicing, learning, and memorizing mathematics through the incorporation of bodily movement(s). Participants: The directors of the research project for the participating school district selected the sample of convenience. The population size of this study included 213 third and fourth grade students during the second half of the 2011-2012 school years. Data Analysis: The instrument used to collect data was a math exam focusing on student understanding of their multiplication facts. Students were given a pre-test and post-test of 70 math questions to be completed in two minutes. The researcher analyzed data using SPSS software. A repeated measures test was conducted and the analysis was divided: 2 x 2 (pre and post-test & experimental and control group) repeated measures ANOVA. For purposes of this study, the statistical significance was determined at p \u3c .05. Results: Results from the 2 x 2 ANOVA test of within-subjects contrasts showed no significant difference for the experimental group and control group (F(1, 211) = .844, p= .359), whereas results from the test of between-subjects effects (comparing both groups) showed a significant difference between the two subjects (F(1, 211) = 11.43, p= .001). The results indicated that the control group’s overall average score was higher than the experimental group’s overall average score. Results from the research study provided no significant relationship between kinesthetic learning and academic achievement. Conclusion: Additional research as to how kinesthetic learning impacts the performance of the brain and its role on cognition needs to be further investigated

The world pandemic of vitamin D deficit culd possibly be explained by cellular inflammatory response activity induced by the renin angiotensin system

This review attempts to show that there may be a relationship between inflammatory processes induced by chronic overstimulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the worldwide deficiency of vitamin D (VitD) and that both disorders are probably associated with environmental factors. Low VitD levels represent a risk factor for several apparently different diseases, such as infectious, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer. Moreover, VitD insufficiency seems to predispose to hypertension, metabolic syndrome, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and chronic vascular inflammation. On the other hand, inappropriate stimulation of the RAS has also been associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension, heart attack, stroke, and hypertrophy of the left ventricle and vascular smooth muscle cells. Because VitD receptors (VDRs) and RAS receptors are almost distributed in the same tissues, a possible link between VitD and the RAS is even more plausible. Furthermore, from an evolutionary point of view, both systems were developed simultaneously, actively participating in the regulation of inflammatory and immunological mechanisms. Changes in RAS activity and activation of the VDR seem to be inversely related; thus any changes in one of these systems would have a completely opposite effect on the other, making it possible to speculate that the two systems could have a feedback relationship. In fact, the pandemic of VitD deficiency could be the other face of increased RAS activity, which probably causes lower activity or lower levels of VitD. Finally, from a therapeutic point of view, the combination of RAS blockade and VDR stimulation appears to be more effective than either RAS blockade or VDR stimulation individually.Fil: Ferder, Marcelo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina; Argentina;Fil: Inserra, Pablo Ignacio Felipe. Universidad Austral. Facultad de Cs.biomedicas; Argentina;Fil: Manucha, Walter Ariel Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo; Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico - CONICET - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentina;Fil: Ferder, León. Ponce School of Medicine and Health Sciences; Puerto Rico

Implicancias del gen FMR1 en la función ovárica

El gen FMR1, responsable del Síndrome de Fragilidad del X (SFX), se localiza en el sitio FRAXA en el brazo largo del cromosoma X (Xq27.3), está compuesto por 17 exones, abarca aproximadamente 38 kilobases (kb) y su producto transcripcional es un ARN mensajero de 3,9 kb que puede sufrir splicing alternativo. En su región 5 no codificante presenta una zona de tripletes CGG que puede variar en longitud. Según el tamaño de la expansión, los alelos se clasifican en normales (5- 44 repeticiones), intermedios (45-54 repeticiones), premutados (55- 200 repeticiones) o con mutación completa (>200 repeticiones). Mientras que la mutación completa es la causante del SFX, el estado de premutación se asocia a otros 2 desórdenes clínicos: Síndrome de temblor/ ataxia asociado a la Fragilidad del X (FXTAS), un desorden neurodegenerativo de inicio tardío y a la Insuficiencia Ovárica Primaria (IOP) asociada a la Fragilidad del X (FXPOI). La IOP se define como la presencia de amenorrea (de al menos 4 meses) antes de los 40 años, que se acompaña de un aumento en los niveles séricos de FSH (a niveles menopáusicos) y de bajos niveles de estradiol (hipoestrogenismo). Es un síndrome muy heterogéneo de patogénesis multicausal tales como alteraciones cromosómicas, enzimáticas, autoinmunidad, causas iatrogénicas e infecciosas. Tiene una incidencia del 1% en mujeres menores de 40 años y del 0,1% en menores de 30. FXPOI es la causa genética conocida más común de la IOP 46, XX y la premutación en FMR1 es responsable del 4- 6% de todos los casos de IOP 46, XX. Aproximadamente el 2% de las mujeres 46, XX con IOP aislada y el 14% de la mujeres 46, XX con IOP familiar son portadoras de la premutación en el gen FMR1. Asimismo, se ha descripto que alrededor del 20% de las mujeres portadoras de la premutación desarrollan IOP. A su vez, las mujeres portadoras se vuelven menopáusicas aproximadamente 5 años antes que las no portadoras. Si bien no todas las mujeres portadoras de la premutación experimentan una temprana pérdida de la fertilidad, todas ellas enfrentan el potencial adelantamiento en la aparición de condiciones asociadas con la deficiencia estrogénica (aumento en el riesgo de osteoporosis y de enfermedades cardiovasculares). Estudios genéticos epidemiológicos sugieren que el comienzo y la gravedad de la disfunción ovárica asociada a FXPOI son variables y podrían estar moduladas, potencialmente, por el largo de las repeticiones CGG y otros factores ambientales. El status de premutación per se pareciera estar influyendo en la expresión de la enfermedad. De hecho, no se ha descripto que mujeres que poseen expansión completa de tripletes (>200 repeticiones y con signos clínicos de Síndrome de Fragilidad del X) desarrollen IOP. Si bien no se conoce el mecanismo por el cual la premutación del gen FMR1 puede causar la disfunción ovárica y la insuficiencia ovárica primaria, se ha postulado que puede ocurrir una disminución inicial del número de folículos o una velocidad acelerada de la atresia. Es sabido que la proteína que codifica este gen, FMRP, se expresa en altas cantidades en células germinales del ovario fetal. Asimismo, se ha descripto que esta proteína actúa como inhibidor de la traducción de algunos ARN mensajeros formando parte de los procesos de silenciamiento génicos mediados por miRNAs. Teniendo en cuenta su función, se ha postulado como posible hipótesis de la patogenia, que un aumento de FMRP en estadios tempranos del desarrollo de los ovocitos podría conducir a una haploinsuficiencia de proteínas involucradas en este proceso, provocando una disminución del pool inicial de folículos. Sin embargo, y dado que en FXTAS se ha observado un aumento del ARN mensajero del gen como consecuencia de la premutación, se postula como mecanismos alternativo la existencia de un aumento del ARN mensajero en el ovario que ejerza un efecto tóxico en el tiempo, con el consecuente incremento de la atresia folicular. Ninguno de estos mecanismos han sido aún comprobados en el ovario, más aún la función fisiológica de la proteína en el mismo no está establecida. No se conoce además, si existe expresión diferencial a lo largo del desarrollo folicular. Considerando la escasa información que existe acerca de FMR1 y su expresión en ovario, nuestro trabajo consistió, en una primera fase, en el estudio de la expresión de la proteína FMRP y su mensajero a lo largo de la foliculogénesis, en un modelo de rata. Se utilizaron 3 grupos de ratas: ratas prepuberales de 18 días, ratas prepuberales de 21-23 días tratadas con dietilestilbestrol (DES) para enriquecer a los ovarios en folículos antrales tempranos y ratas prepuberales de 21-23 días tratadas con gonadotrofina coriónica equina (PMSG) para enriquecer los ovarios en folículos preovulatorios. En la primera parte del trabajo analizamos, por inmunohistoquímica, la expresión de FMRP en los distintos tipos celulares del folículo. Hallamos que la proteína se expresa en células de la granulosa, de la teca y en células estromales, con excepción de un grupo de células que rodea al folículo. La expresión se detectó en los folículos en los tres estadios del desarrollo estudiados: preantrales, antrales tempranos y preovulatorios. La expresión de la proteína FMRP fue estudiada también por Western blot en los tres tipos foliculares. Observamos una menor expresión en folículos preantrales y una mayor expresión en estadios más avanzados de la foliculogénesis. Por otra parte, se detectaron al menos 4 isoformas de la proteína cuyos patrones de expresión resultaron diferentes a los observados en testículo y cerebro. Teniendo en cuenta la función de la proteína como parte del complejo de silenciamiento post-transcripcional, estos resultados nos permitirían estimar que las diferencias observadas en los niveles de expresión de la proteína tendrían un rol en el correcto desarrollo del folículo. Asimismo, la presencia de isoformas distintivas en el ovario sugeriría una función específica para algunas de ellas en la gónada. La segunda parte del trabajo consistió en el estudio de la expresión del ARN mensajero de Fmr1 en los 3 estadios foliculares. Por PCR en tiempo real observamos que el patrón de expresión era opuesto al que se obtuvo para la proteína. En los folículos preovulatorios, el nivel del ARN fue menor respecto al de los estadios anteriores. Estos resultados sugerirían que la expresión del mensajero y su proteína en el ovario están regulados de manera diferente y posiblemente independiente. Por otro lado, identificamos por RT-PCR y posterior secuenciación, la existencia de varias isoformas del ARNm del gen, resultantes del splicing alternativo del mismo. Entre ellas, detectamos la isoforma que contiene al exón 12, la cual no ha sido previamente descripta en rata. El último aspecto que quisimos abordar en nuestro estudio fue el efecto biológico de la introducción de tripletes en el rango de la premutación sobre una línea celular de células de granulosa humana (KGN). Par tal fin se transfectaron las células con un plásmido conteniendo tripletes en el rango normal o de la premutación, río arriba de un gen reportero (GFP). Luego de 18 horas de transfección, los niveles de ARNm del gen reportero resultaron más elevados en las células que poseían los tripletes en el rango de la premutación, en concordancia con lo observado en diferentes experimentos y pacientes con FXTAS. Asimismo, detectamos una menor cantidad de células que expresan la proteína GFP, en presencia del plásmido con la premutación, en todos los tiempos de transfección estudiados. A nivel neuronal se ha relacionado al estado de premutación con posibles efectos apoptóticos en la célula. Si bien nuestros estudios aún no demuestran que el efecto de la introducción de tripletes en el rango de la premutación resulte en un aumento en la apoptosis de las células KGN, los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis abren la posibilidad de que este mecanismo sea analizado en un futuro. En conclusión, en esta tesis se describe por primera vez la expresión de la proteína FMRP y de su mensajero a lo largo del desarrollo folicular, y la presencia de algunas isoformas distintivas, producto del splicing alternativo del gen. Asimismo, se iniciaron los estudios tendientes a demostrar el efecto patogénico que posee la expresión de tripletes expandidos en células del ovario.The FMR1 gene, responsible for the Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), is located in the FRAXA site of chromosome X. The gene is composed of 17 exons, spans about 38 kb and encodes an messenger RNA (mRNA) of 3.9 kilobases (kb) that can be alternatively spliced into a number of different isoforms. The 5’ UTR of the FMR1 gene presents a CGG repeat that is unstable and therefore variable. Based on the size of the expansion, alleles are classified as normal (5–44 trinucleotide repeats), intermediate (45- 54 repeats), premutated (55–200 repeats), or fully mutated (>200 repeats). While full mutation is the responsible for FXS, the premutation condition has been associated to other 2 clinical disorders: Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), a neurodegenerative disorder of late onset and to the Fragile X- associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) is defined as amenorrhea (for at least 4 months) before age of 40, an increase in serum levels of FSH (to menopausal levels) and low levels of estradiol (hypoestrogenism). This syndrome is very heterogeneous with a multicausal pathogenesis, and any of the following: chromosomal, enzymatic, iatrogenic, autoimmune or infectious aberration may be the cause of the disease. It has an incidence of 1% in women under age of 40 and of 0.1% below 30 years of age. FXPOI is the most common known genetic cause for IOP and the premutation condition is responsible for 4-6% of all cases of 46, XX IOP. About 2% of women 46, XX with IOP and 14% of women 46, XX with familial IOP, carry the premutation in the FMR1 gene. Moreover, it has also been described that around 20% of women carrying the premutation, become menopausal around 5 years earlier than not carriers. The premutation status seems to influence the expression of the disease. In fact, no full mutated women with IOP have been described. While not all women carries of the permutation experience an early loss of fertility, all carriers face the potential advance in the onset of the conditions associated with estrogenic deficiency (higher risk for osteoporosis and hearth diseases). Epidemiologic genetic studies also suggest that the onset and severity of ovarian dysfunction associated to FXPOI is variable, and could be potentially modulated by the CGG repeat length and environmental factors. Even though the underlying mechanism by which the FMR1 premutation is responsible for the ovarian dysfunction and POI is not known, it has been suggested that an initial decrease of the number of follicles or an accelerated rate of atresia may take place. The protein encoded by the FMR1 gene, FMRP, is highly expressed in germ cells in the fetal ovary. The protein acts as a translation inhibitor of some target mRNA, most likely via the microRNA silencing complex. Given that in FXTAS an increase in FMR1 mRNA has been observed, another possible mechanism for FXPOI is that high levels of mRNA exert a toxic effect causing an increase in follicular atresia. None of the postulated pathogenic mechanisms has been demonstrated in the ovary. Moreover, the physiological role of FMRP in the gonad has not been established, and the expression pattern of the protein during follicular growth remains unknown. Considering that there is limited information related to FMR1 expression and function in the ovary, the goal of our work was, initially, to study the expression of FMRP protein and its messenger during folliculogenesis in a rat model. For this propose, three groups of rats were used: 1- prepubertal rats of 18 days, 2- prepubertal rats of 21-23 days treated with Diethylstilbestrol (DES) to enrich ovaries with early antral follicles and 3- prepubertal rats of 21-23 days treated with equine chorionic gonadotropin (PMSG) to enrich ovaries with preovulatory follicles. The expression of FMRP in the rat ovarian follicular cells was analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHQ) and Western blot (WB). By IHQ we found that the protein is expressed in granulosa, theca and stromal cells, except in a group of cells surrounding the follicle, mainly in the cytoplasm. Expression was detected in follicles at all stages of folliculogenesis: preantral, early antral and preovulatory. After WB assays, lower expression in preantral follicle was detected, whereas higher levels of FMRP were observed in later stages of folliculogenesis. Moreover, at least 4 isoforms of the protein were detected whose expression pattern differed from that observed in testis and brain. Considering FMRP’s function as part of the post -transcriptional silencing complex, these results may suggest that the differences observed at FMRP expression levels, could exert a role in the proper development of the follicle. Furthermore, the presence of distinctive isoforms in the ovary could imply a specific function for some of them in de gonad. In the second part of the work we studied the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Fmr1 in the three follicular development stages. Using quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) we found that the mRNA expression pattern was opposite to that observed for the protein: in preovulatory follicles, mRNA level was lower compared to earlier stages. These results suggest that mRNA and protein expression in the ovary may be regulated at different and perhaps independent levels. In addition, by RT-PCR and subsequent sequencing, we identified several messenger isoforms resulting from alternative splicing. Among them, we detected the variant including exon 12, which has not been previously described in other rat tissues so far analyzed. The last aspect we addressed in our work was the biological effect that the CGG repeats in the permutation range could exert on a human ovarian granulosa cell line (KGN). Cells were transfected with a plasmid containing repeats in the normal or in the premutation range cloned upstream of the GFP reporter gene. After different times of transfection, mRNA of the reporter gene was measured by qRT- PCR. We found that after 18 hours, the levels of mRNA was higher in cells transfected with the repeats in the premutation range comparing to the levels found for those with the normal one. These results are in agreement with the observations reported for FXTAS patients and for animal models of the syndrome. Moreover, when cells were transfected with the permutated plasmid, we detected fewer cells expressing the GFP protein in all the transfection times assayed. In neurons, the permutation state has been associated with possible apoptotic effects in the cell. Even though our preliminary studies do not yet show that transfection of KGN cells with the premutation plasmid results in increased apoptosis, the results obtained in the present work open the possibility for this mechanism to be analyzed in a future. In conclusion, this work describes, for the first time, the expression of the FMRP protein and its messenger during folliculogenesis in a rat model. Moreover, the presence of some distinctive isoforms resulting from the alternative splicing of the gene in the ovary is also described. Although we found an increase in mRNA levels and reduced protein expression of the reporter gene containing permutated repeats, further studies are needed to elucidate the pathogenic mechanism of the expanded triplets in the ovary.Fil: Ferder, Ianina Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Fundación de Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental; Argentina. Autor; . Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Changes in renal WT-1 expression preceding hypertension development

Background: Hypertension is a public health problem with mostly unknown causes, and where strong hereditary genetic alterations have not been fully elucidated. However, the use of experimental models has provided valuable information. Recent evidences suggest that alterations in key nephrogenic factors, such as Wilms' tumor 1 transcription factor (WT-1), could contribute to the development of hypertension. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the expression of WT-1 and related genes in the nephrogenic process in connection with the development of hypertension as well as the corresponding anatomical and functional correlation. Methods: Male spontaneously hypertensive and control rats were evaluated weekly from birth until week 8 of life. Their blood pressure was taken weekly using the tail-cuff blood pressure system. Weekly, 5 rats per group were sacrificed with a lethal injection of pentobarbital, and their kidneys were removed, decapsulated and weighed. The serum was collected for measuring biochemical parameters. The results were assessed using one-way analysis of variance for comparisons between groups. Results: The relationship between renal weight/total body weights was established, without significantly different values. These data were compared with apoptosis, fibrosis, number and size of the glomeruli. The elevation of systolic blood pressure was significant since week 6. Biochemical values differed slightly. Histology showed a slight increase in deposits of collagen fibers since week 4. Additionally, in kidney cortices, the expression of WT-1, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and vitamin D receptors (VDR) decreased since week 4. Finally, we demonstrated ultrastructural damage to mitochondria since week 4. Conclusions: Our results would suggest an unprecedented link, possibly a regulatory mechanism, between WT-1 on nephrogenic alteration processes and their relationship with hypertension. Moreover, and previous to the increase in blood pressure, we demonstrated low expressions of WT-1, VDR and Hsp70 in kidneys from neonatal SHRs. If so, this may suggest that deregulation in the expression of WT-1 and its impact on nephrogenesis induction could be crucial in understanding the development and maintenance of hypertension.Fil: Mazzei, Luciana Jorgelina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: García, Isabel Mercedes. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Calvo, Juan Pablo. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Casarotto, Mariana. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Fornes, Miguel Walter. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; ArgentinaFil: Abud, María Angélica. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; ArgentinaFil: Cuello Carrión, Fernando Darío. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; ArgentinaFil: Ferder, León. Universidad de Puerto Rico; Puerto RicoFil: Manucha, Walter Ariel Fernando. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Cienicas Médicas. Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza Dr. Mario H. Burgos; Argentin

Differences in RAAS/vitamin D linked to genetics and socioeconomic factors could explain the higher mortality rate in African Americans with COVID-19

COVID-19 is said to be a pandemic that does not distinguish between skin color or ethnic origin. However, data in many parts of the world, especially in the United States, begin to show that there is a sector of society suffering a more significant impact from this pandemic. The Black population is more vulnerable than the White population to infection and death by COVID-19, with hypertension and diabetes mellitus as probable predisposing factors. Over time, multiple disparities have been observed between the health of Black and White populations, associated mainly with socioeconomic inequalities. However, some mechanisms and pathophysiological susceptibilities begin to be elucidated that are related directly to the higher prevalence of multiple diseases in the Black population, including infection and death by COVID-19. Plasma vitamin D levels and evolutionary adaptations of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in Black people differ considerably from those of other races. The role of these factors in the development and progression of hypertension and multiple lung diseases, among them SARS-CoV-2 infection, is well established. In this sense, the present review attempts to elucidate the link between vitamin D and RAAS ethnic disparities and susceptibility to infection and death by COVID-19 in Black people, and suggests possible mechanisms for this susceptibility.Fil: Martín Giménez, Virna Margarita. Universidad Catolica de Cuyo - Sede San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Químicas; ArgentinaFil: Ferder, León. Universidad de Maimónides; ArgentinaFil: Inserra, Felipe. Universidad de Maimónides; ArgentinaFil: García, Joxel. No especifíca;Fil: Manucha, Walter Ariel Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentin

Falência ovariana prematura

La falla ovárica prematura (FOP) es un sindrome caracterizado por amenorrea hipergonadotrófica antes de los 40 años. Las causas del desarrollo de FOP pueden ser autoinmunes, genéticas, cromosómicas e idiopáticas. Es importante identificar marcadores para predecir la cesación prematura de los ciclos y planear una concepción temprana.Premature ovarian failure (POF) is defined as hyper-gonadotropic amenorrhea before the age of 40. The causes of POF development could be autoimmune, genetic, chromosomic and idiopathic. It is important to identify markers that can predict the premature cessation of menses and enable early conception planningA falência ovariana prematura (FOP) é uma síndrome caracterizada por amenorreia hipergonadotrófica antes dos 40 anos. As causas do desenvolvimento de FOP podem ser autoimunes, genéticas, cromossômicas e idiopáticas. É importante identificar marcadores para predizer a cessação prematura dos ciclos e planificar uma concepção precoce.Fil: Chiauzzi, Violeta Alicia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Sundblad, Victoria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Ferder, Ianina Claudia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); ArgentinaFil: Dain, Liliana Beatriz. Dirección Nacional de Instituto de Investigación. Administración Nacional de Laboratorio e Instituto de Salud; ArgentinaFil: Charreau, Eduardo Hernan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (i); Argentin

Vitamin D deficiency in African Americans is associated with a high risk of severe disease and mortality by SARS-CoV-2

COVID-19 is said to be a pandemic that does not distinguish skin color or ethnic origin, but data in many parts of the world, especially in the United States, begins to show that there is a sector of society that is suffering a more significant impact from this pandemic. The black population is being more vulnerable than the white population to infection and death by COVID-19, and hypertension and diabetes mellitus seems to predispose to this vulnerability. Over time, multiple disparities have been observed between the health of blacks and whites, mainly associated with inequalities in the socio-economic scope. However, little by little, some mechanisms and pathophysiological susceptibilities that are directly related to the higher prevalence of multiple diseases in the black population, including infection and death by COVID-19, begin to be elucidated.Plasma vitamin D levels and evolutionary adaptations of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in black people are considerably different between this and other races, and it is well established their role in the development and progression of hypertension and multiple lung diseases, among them, COVID-19 infection.This letter to discuss and proposes whether or not vitamin D and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system ethnical disparities influence susceptibility to infection and death by COVID-19 in black people and suggests possible mechanisms for this susceptibility.Fil: Martín Giménez, Virna Margarita. Universidad Catolica de Cuyo - Sede San Juan. Facultad de Ciencias de la Alimentación, Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Químicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Inserra, Felipe. Universidad Maimónides; ArgentinaFil: Ferder, Leon Fernando. Universidad Maimónides; ArgentinaFil: García, Joxel. Ambitious Solutions for Health Cures; Estados UnidosFil: Manucha, Walter Ariel Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; Argentin

Implications of Oxidative Stress and Potential Role of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in COVID-19: Therapeutic Effects of Vitamin D

Due to its high degree of contagiousness and like almost no other virus, SARS-CoV-2 has put the health of the world population on alert. COVID-19 can provoke an acute inflammatory process and uncontrolled oxidative stress, which predisposes one to respiratory syndrome, and in the worst case, death. Recent evidence suggests the mechanistic role of mitochondria and vitamin D in the development of COVID-19. Indeed, mitochondrial dynamics contribute to the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and its uncoupling involves pathological situations. SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with altered mitochondrial dynamics with consequent oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory state, cytokine production, and cell death. Furthermore, vitamin D deficiency seems to be associated with increased COVID-19 risk. In contrast, vitamin D can normalize mitochondrial dynamics, which would improve oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory state, and cytokine production. Furthermore, vitamin D reduces renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation and, consequently, decreases ROS generation and improves the prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thus, the purpose of this review is to deepen the knowledge about the role of mitochondria and vitamin D directly involved in the regulation of oxidative stress and the inflammatory state in SARS-CoV-2 infection. As future prospects, evidence suggests enhancing the vitamin D levels of the world population, especially of those individuals with additional risk factors that predispose to the lethal consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Fil: de Las Heras, Natalia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Fisiología; EspañaFil: Martín Giménez, Virna Margarita. Universidad Catolica de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Tecnologicas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Juan; ArgentinaFil: Ferder, León. Universidad Maimónides; ArgentinaFil: Manucha, Walter Ariel Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mendoza. Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo; ArgentinaFil: Lahera Juliá, Vicente. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Fisiología; Españ