Determination of the Efficiencies of the Prokinetics in Ruminants with Postoperative Ileus Using Pro-Inflammatory Markers

Background: Recently, the role of inflammation triggered by handling of the intestine various gastrointestinal (GI) surgeries is generally accepted as the key event in postoperative ileus (POI). Because, prokinetics have been increased the smooth muscle contractions and may act by attenuating the inflammatory process in the GI tract, they have been used the treatment of POI in human and animals. There are many in vivo analysis techniques of GI motility. However, there have not yet been studied associated with the evaluation of the inflammatory response. Therefore, it was aimed to evaluate the efficiencies of 3 different prokinetics from inflammatory response during experimentally-induced POI.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty healthy lambs (30-45 days old) were randomly assigned to four groups. In all groups, enterotomy was performed on the ileum. Erythromycin and metoclopramide were administered to the ERT and MET groups before the surgery, respectively, while lidocaine was administered to the LID group as bolus before and continuous rate infusion during the surgery. Physiological saline was administered to the lambs in control group as placebo before the surgery. Blood samples were collected before surgery (~30-45 min), at the end of surgery (0 h), and at the postoperative 1, 3, 5, 10, 48, 72 and 96 h. The concentrations of serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin (HPT), fibrinogen (FIB) as acute phase proteins (APPs), thiobarbituric acide reactant substrate (TBARs), myeloperoxidase (MPO) as reactive oxygen species, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF- β) as a cytokine were measured with ELISA reader. In terms of time points, it was found that FIB was statistically higher in ERT group at the 1st h, in MET and LID groups at the 10th h, and in LID group at the 48th and in MET group at the 72 h (P < 0.05). It was found that SAA was higher in MET group at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 10th, 24th, 48th and 72nd h. HPT was higher in CNTR group until 72th h and MET group at 48th, 72nd and 96th h. TBARs concentrations were statistically higher in MET and LID groups at 0 hour, in ERT and MET groups at the 1st h, in MET group at the 3rd h, in MET and LID groups at the 5th and 10th h, in MET group at the 48th, 72nd and 96th h (P < 0.05). MPO concentrations was higher in LID group at the 3rd, 5th, 10th and 96th h, and in ERT group at the 72nd h (P < 0.05). TGF-β concentrations were particularly high in MET group at the 3rd, 5th, 48th and 72nd h, and in LID group at the 10th, 24th, and 96th h (P < 0.05).Discussion: APPs (HPT, SAA, FIB), which are important regulators of inflammation in cows and sheep, were higher generally in MET and LID groups and inflammation persists in these two groups and, therefore, metoclopramide and lidocaine are less effective in early postoperative POI treatment. Because, significant increase in serum TBARs and MPO concentrations was considered as an important indicator of oxidative stress and inflammatory response MPO concentrations was particularly high until 10th h in LID group, and TBARs concentrations was high both MET and LID groups throughout the study, this was correlated with higher neutrophil infiltration in the postoperative early period than the other groups. It is known that TGF-β, an inflammatory cytokine, is correlated with various smooth muscle disorders in humans. In this study, TGF-β concentration were higher in the MET and LID groups. High concentration of this cytokine might have led to decrease contractions in smooth muscles, thereby slowing down the intestinal transition. In conclusion, based on the presence of pro-inflammatory markers in this study, erythromycin seems to be the most suitable prokinetic drug in lambs. Moreover, lidocaine and metoclopramide are not as successful in small ruminants as reported in other species

Otkrivanje i molekularna karakterizacija psećeg adenovirusa tipa 2 (CAV-2) kod pasa sa simptomima dišnog sustava držanih u skloništima u Turskoj

Canine adenoviruses are agents responsible for two different infections in Canidae. While canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) causes contagious hepatitis (HCC) in dogs, canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) is responsible for infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT). CAV-2, especially in the respiratory tract, leads to an infection that can result in death in young and cohabitant animals. In public housing such as shelters, in addition to opportunistic infections, a disorder defined as canine infectious respiratory disease (CIRD) may also occur frequently. In this study, 155 nasal swabs were collected from dogs in two shelters where cases of respiratory system infections were closely monitored. These samples were tested for CAV-2 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers designed for the CAV E3 (Early) gene. Positive amplicons were subjected to DNA sequencing. CAV-2 nucleic acids were present in 2.5% (4/155) of the test samples. The phylogenetic assessment of the amplicon sequences revealed a 97.7%-98.9% similarity in the local viruses. The partial sequence analyses of the E3 gene of CAV-2 showed that Turkish and Chinese strains have differences in 9 amino acids. These differences redounded on phylogenetic analyses, and the virus which was considered as a single group, is now subdivided into two subgroups. One subgroup comprises American-European isolates and the other one consists of Turkish and Chinese isolates, so this subdivision can be classified into at least two subgroups, designated China-Turkey and America-Europe. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has examined the possible role of CAV-2 in respiratory system infections in dogs in Turkey, to provide novel and updated information regarding CAV-2.Adenovirusi su uzročnici odgovorni za dvije različite infekcije u pasa. Dok pseći adenovirus tipa 1 (CAV-1) uzrokuje zarazni hepatitis (HCC), pseći adenovirus tipa 2 (CAV-2) odgovoran je za zarazni laringotraheitis (ILT). CAV-2, osobito u dišnom sustavu, uzrokuje infekciju sa smrtnim ishodom kod mladih životinja i onih koje žive u zajednicama. U javnim objektima kao što su skloništa, osim oportunističkih infekcija, učestao je i poremećaj koji se definira kao pseća zarazna bolest dišnih puteva (CIRD). Tijekom ovog istraživanja prikupljeno je 155 uzoraka krvi od pasa držanih u dva skloništa u kojima su pažljivo praćeni slučajevi infekcija dišnog sustava. Uzorci su testirani na CAV-2 primjenom lančane reakcije polimerazom (PCR), uz upotrebu početnica oblikovanih za gen CAV E3 (Early). Pozitivni su amplikoni podvrgnuti sekvenciranju DNA. CAV-2 nukleinske kiseline bile su prisutne u 2,5 % (4/155) istraženih uzoraka. Filogenetska analiza sekvencija amplikona otkrila je u lokalnim virusima 97,7 - 98,9 % sličnosti. Analize parcijalnih sekvencija gena CAV-2 E3 pokazale su da turski i kineski sojevi imaju razlike u 9 aminokiselina. Te su razlike dodatno analizirane filogenetskim analizama i virus koji je smatran jedinstvenom skupinom, podijeljen je na dvije podskupine. Jedna su podskupina američko-europski izolati, a druga se sastoji od turskih i kinskih izolata. Stoga se ovom podjelom mogu razlikovati najmanje dvije podskupine, označene kao Kina - Turska i Amerika - Europa. Pretpostavlja se da je ovo prvo istraživanje o mogućoj ulozi CAV-2 u infekcijama dišnog sustava pasa u Turskoj i kao takvo pruža nove informacije o CAV-2

Molekularna epizootiologija jednodnevne groznice goveda u Turskoj

In this study, the molecular epidemiology of bovine ephemeral fever in Turkey was investigated, on the basis of a comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the virus that caused the last outbreak, between early August and late November 2012, with those of the strains from the 1985 and 2008 outbreaks in Turkey, as well as BEF virus (BEFV) strains from Far Eastern countries, Israel and Australia. In the NJ analysis, the BEF viruses from the 1985 and 2008 outbreaks in Turkey were placed in the same cluster as the Israel isolates, while the 2012-outbreak BEFVs were placed in a different cluster, with the East Asian strains.Istražena je molekularna epizootiologija jednodnevne groznice goveda u Turskoj. Nukleotidni slijed genoma virusa koji je uzrokovao posljednju epizootiju bolesti koja je u Turskoj harala od početka kolovoza do kraja studenoga 2012. godine bio je uspoređen s nukleotidnim sljedovima sojeva izdvojenih od 1985. do 2008. kao i sojeva iz dalekoistočnih zemalja, Izraela i Australije. Primjenom metode susjednog sparivanja, sojevi dokazani u Turskoj između 1985. i 2008. svrstani su u istu skupinu s izraelskim sojevima, dok su sojevi iz 2012. pripadali istočnoazijskoj skupini

Concurrent occurrence of human and equine West Nile virus infections in Central Anatolia, Turkey: the first evidence for circulation of lineage 1 viruses

SummaryBackgroundWest Nile fever is an important zoonotic infection caused by West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae. Previous serological data from Turkey suggest widespread WNV circulation. This report includes cases of human and equine WNV infections occurring concurrently, and manifesting as central nervous system infections, in two neighboring provinces of Central Anatolia, Turkey. A partial phylogenetic analysis of the causative virus is given for the first time.MethodsThe cases were reported in February (horses) and March (human). Symptoms of the disease were similar in the two species, characterized by neurological manifestations suggesting meningoencephalitis. Real-time/nested PCRs and commercial immunoassays and a plaque reduction neutralization assay were employed for the detection of viral RNA and specific antibodies, respectively.ResultsWNV RNAs were detected in buffy coat (horses) and cerebrospinal fluid (human) samples. Partial nucleotide sequences of the E-gene coding region revealed that the strains are closely related to viruses of lineage 1, clade 1a. Accompanying equine serosurveillance demonstrated WNV-specific antibodies in 31.6% of the samples.ConclusionsThis is the first report of acute WNV infections caused by lineage 1 strains from Turkey, in concordance with previous reports from some European and North African countries

Prevalence, Distribution, and Host Range of Peste des petits ruminants virus, Turkey

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV, genus Morbillivirus), which causes a severe disease in sheep and goats, has only recently been officially declared to be present in Turkey. We carried out a study to determine the prevalence, distribution, and host range of PPRV in Turkey. A total of 1,607 animals, reared in 18 different locations, were monitored for the presence of antibodies to PPRV and the related virus of large ruminants, Rinderpest virus (RPV). Only two farms had animals that were free of antibody responses to either disease. Prevalence for PPRV infection varied (range 0.87%–82.6%) and was higher in sheep (29.2%) than in goats (20%). The overall antibody responses to PPRV and RPV were 22.4% and 6.28%, respectively. Two PPRVs of lineage 4, which comprises many other PPRVs whose origins are in the Middle East, the Arabian Peninsula, and southern Asia, were isolated from Turkish sheep

Molecular characterization of bovine noroviruses and nebovirusesin Turkey: detection of recombinant strains

AbstractTo investigate the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of bovine enteric caliciviruses, a total of 167 fecal samplesfrom diarrheic calves were screened. Bovine noroviruses (BoNoVs) and neboviruses were detected in 56 (33.5%) and 37(22.1%) fecal samples, respectively. Sequences of the RdRp and capsid gene of selected BoNoVs showed that the GIII.1and GIII.2 genotypes were in circulation in Turkey. Two of the BoNoV strains were identified as recombinant strains (GIII.P1/GIII.2). All examined neboviruses possessed a Nebraska-like RdRp gene. The two nebovirus strains were classified intolineage 4 based on phylogenetic analysis of VP1 amino acid sequences. One of them showed evidence of a recombinationevent within the S domain. This study is thus the first to reveal the presence of the BoNoV GIII.1 genotype and recombinantstrains of BoNoV and neboviruses in Turkey

Türkiye’de domuzlarda circovirus 2 enfeksiyonu

Porcine circovirus is the smallest known DNA virus and is identified and characterized by two types: PCV type 1 (PCV 1) and PCV type 2 (PCV 2). Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV 1) was first identified in 1974 and was recognized as a nondisease- causing agent that frequently occured in laboratory tissue cultures. As for PCV 2, it is defined as an antigenically and genomically different PCV which was commonly seen in swine populations and led to clinic disorders at the end of the 1990s. PCV2 infection in pigs can cause a wide variety of clinical signs and syndromes. This study aims to analyze the presence of PCV 2 related to different clinic cases and syndromes found on some pig farms. To this end, 86 nasal swab samples from two different pig farms and 12 lung tissue pieces from wild boars were collected to detect whether PCV 2 was present. In the study, 98 samples were used in total. The one step PCR technique was applied to the samples obtained. The samples were analyzed in terms of PCV presence; 38 of the samples were identified as PCV positive. Thirty-one of the 38 samples which were identified as PCV positive were identified as PCV 2 in the discriminant diagnosis, while 7 were evaluated as PCV 1.Porcine circovirus bilinen en küçük DNA virusu olup PCV tip 1 (PCV 1) ve PCV tip 2 (PCV 2) olmak üzere 2 tipi identifiye ve karakterize edilmiştir. Porcine circovirus tip 1 (PCV 1) ilk defa 1974 yılında identifiye edilmiştir ve laboratuvarda doku kültürlerinde sıklıkla karşılaşılan ve patojen olmayan bir ajan olarak tanımlanmıştır. PCV tip 2 ise 1990’lı yılların sonlarında domuz populasyonlarında yaygın olarak görülen ve klinik hastalık tablosuna neden olan, antijenik ve genomik olarak farklı bir PCV olarak tanımlanmıştır. PCV tip 2 enfeksiyonu domuzlarda çeşitli klinik belirtilere ve sendromlara sebep olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada bazı domuz yetiştiriciliklerinde farklı klinik hastalık tabloları ve sendromlarla ilişkili bulunan PCV tip 2’nin varlığının araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 2 farklı domuz yetiştiriciliğinden toplam 86 adet nasal swap ve 12 adet yaban domuzuna ait akciğer doku parçaları örneklenmiştir. Araştırmada toplam 98 adet örnek kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen örneklere tek basamak PCR tekniği uygulanmıştır. Örnekler öncelikle PCV varlığı yönünden araştırılmış, örneklerden 38 adedi PCV yönünden pozitif olarak tespit edilmiştir. PCV pozitif olarak tespit edilen 38 örneğin 31 adedi ayırıcı tanıda PCV 2 olarak tespit edilmiş, 7 örnek ise PCV 1 olarak değerlendirilmiştir

Tetanus antitoxin levels among adults over 40 years of age in Central Anatolia, Turkey

Objective To determine tetanus antitoxin levels in adults and the aged. Methods This study was conducted on 249 adults over 40 years of age who applied to a blood-withdrawal unit in Kayseri, Central Anatolia. Tetanus toxoid-specific antibodies were measured in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)