System rządów parlamentarnych na obszarze poradzieckim: casus Mołdawii i Łotwy

The fundamental problem faced by the states that have emerged in the area of the former USSR involved the definition of the desired form of their own political regime. The choices made in this respect in the first stage of political transformation were frequently limited only to the formal stipulation of model legal and constitutional solutions. The post-communist elite wielding power in the new states was characterized by a desire to form a one-man organ of state in the form of a strong president. The absence of democratic traditions and the negative legacy of the USSR have profoundly influenced the processes of shaping the political regimes in the post-Soviet area, and have actually become the predominant reason to legitimize authoritarianism. Only a few states of the former USSR have decided to adopt a model of governance other than a strong presidential system. Latvia deserves attention in this respect, as it has decided to reinstate the tested political principles of the interwar period. In the process of political transformation, the Latvian political elite has opted for the parliamentary system of governance and chose a weak presidency and the primacy of parliament. The transformation process was quickly completed allowing Latvia to be classified today as a non-consolidated democracy. Moldova’s adopting the system of parliamentary governance in 2000 was, in turn, an unintentional result of a political conflict caused by the President’s endeavors to form a strong presidential system. Moldovan parliamentarianism is a product of a protracted shaping of the institutional foundations of the political system and a byproduct of political competition between the legislative and executive powers. The domination of Communists on the Moldovan political stage, however, resulted in the state’s appropriation by one group and President Vladimir Voronin, who enjoyed a great influence exerted both on the parliamentary majority (as the leader of the ruling party) and the government, despite the formal system providing for a parliamentary republic. There emerged a dangerous precedent of the President exceeding his rights and thus becoming the actual leader of a formally parliamentary republic. In the period from 2001–2009, Moldova was a system of controlled democracy where apparently democratic institutions were in fact a cover for undivided, informal power wielded by a small circle. This triggered a social revolution in 2009 and early parliamentary elections, which resulted in a transfer of power and the establishment of a coalition of liberal and democratic parties clearly expressing their intention to implement market reforms and European integration. Despite political obstruction in Moldova’s shaping of its political system, the country stands out among the former post-Soviet republics. It is the only state in the Commonwealth of Independent States where a continuous and uninterrupted cycle of the transfer of power by means of elections can be observed to conform to the law and constitution since the country declared independence in 1991.The fundamental problem faced by the states that have emerged in the area of the former USSR involved the definition of the desired form of their own political regime. The choices made in this respect in the first stage of political transformation were frequently limited only to the formal stipulation of model legal and constitutional solutions. The post-communist elite wielding power in the new states was characterized by a desire to form a one-man organ of state in the form of a strong president. The absence of democratic traditions and the negative legacy of the USSR have profoundly influenced the processes of shaping the political regimes in the post-Soviet area, and have actually become the predominant reason to legitimize authoritarianism. Only a few states of the former USSR have decided to adopt a model of governance other than a strong presidential system. Latvia deserves attention in this respect, as it has decided to reinstate the tested political principles of the interwar period. In the process of political transformation, the Latvian political elite has opted for the parliamentary system of governance and chose a weak presidency and the primacy of parliament. The transformation process was quickly completed allowing Latvia to be classified today as a non-consolidated democracy. Moldova’s adopting the system of parliamentary governance in 2000 was, in turn, an unintentional result of a political conflict caused by the President’s endeavors to form a strong presidential system. Moldovan parliamentarianism is a product of a protracted shaping of the institutional foundations of the political system and a byproduct of political competition between the legislative and executive powers. The domination of Communists on the Moldovan political stage, however, resulted in the state’s appropriation by one group and President Vladimir Voronin, who enjoyed a great influence exerted both on the parliamentary majority (as the leader of the ruling party) and the government, despite the formal system providing for a parliamentary republic. There emerged a dangerous precedent of the President exceeding his rights and thus becoming the actual leader of a formally parliamentary republic. In the period from 2001–2009, Moldova was a system of controlled democracy where apparently democratic institutions were in fact a cover for undivided, informal power wielded by a small circle. This triggered a social revolution in 2009 and early parliamentary elections, which resulted in a transfer of power and the establishment of a coalition of liberal and democratic parties clearly expressing their intention to implement market reforms and European integration. Despite political obstruction in Moldova’s shaping of its political system, the country stands out among the former post-Soviet republics. It is the only state in the Commonwealth of Independent States where a continuous and uninterrupted cycle of the transfer of power by means of elections can be observed to conform to the law and constitution since the country declared independence in 1991

The legal concept of privity in the financial market law (general assumptions)

Celem artykułu jest pokazanie interferencji, zazębiania się wątków publicznych i prywatnych w ramach prawa rynku finansowego na przykładzie tworzonej konstrukcji finansowego stosunku prawnorynkowego. Dla realizacji tego celu w opracowaniu zebrano i poddano analizie argumenty za zasadnością tworzenia konstrukcji stosunku prawnorynkowego, zaproponowano analizę struktury prawnej stosunku prawnorynkowego, jako charakteryzującego się tak znacznymi odrębnościami od stosunku cywilnoprawnego i stosunku administracyjnoprawnego oraz wykazującego tak dalece idącą specyfikę prawną, że wymagającego autonomicznego ujęcia, z uwagi na potrzeby doktrynalne, orzecznicze oraz dydaktyczne. Taka propozycja doktrynalnego ujęcia stosunków prawnych na rynku finansowym – zdaniem autorki – wydaje się wierniej odzwierciedlać założenia prawodawcy i nadzorców krajowego i unijnego oraz pozwala również od razu dostrzegać wewnątrzsystemowe uwarunkowana i powiązania natury podmiotowej i funkcjonalnej oraz zwłaszcza – lepiej i w ekonomiczno-gospodarczym kontekście – zrozumieć finansowe treści prawnorynkowe.The aim of the paper is to explain the interference of public and private norms in the financial market on the example of legal relationships created under financial market law. This paper shows the reasons and opinions regarding the doctrinal need to create such a concept and recognises the urgent need of its institutionalisation in the doctrine. Privity in financial market law that arises between parties is significantly different from the civil and administrative law relations and due to doctrinal, judicial and didactic reasons requires an autonomous approach. The analysis conducted in this paper presents the views and ideas of how to better evolve and explain the legal relationships existing in the financial market law, also theoretically, and is expected to ignite a serious doctrinal discussion on this subject

W kręgu tradycji filomackiej w międzywojennym Wilnie: „Wiwlasy“ Edwarda Walewskiego (1926) i gazetka „Filomatka” (1929)

In Vilnius that was considered as spiritual capital of Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the period of inter-war, and mainly in ’20s of the XX century still was very living romanticism tradition. The important person and symbolic messenger of this tradition was Adam Mickiewicz, the most famous polish-lithuanian poet, polish national prophet. Very noticeable was the fact that the best known literary scientists, like: J. Kallenbach, S. Pigoń, K. Górski were employed in Polish Literature Department, in Faculty of Humanities of Stefan Batory University. Wladysław Mickiewicz – son of the poet Adam Mickiewicz, also his biographer visited Vilnius and university in 1922. In 1926 was published collection of poems named Wiwlasy. Jamb na stulecie filomatów by Edward Walewski. It consists of 48 sonnets that describe the activity of „Filomaci and Filareci“ Society members. The lyrics refer also to people (J. Lelewel, K. Kontry, E. Groddeck), and places (Nowogródek, Tuhanowicz, Bolcienik) related to some meaningful locations connected with „Filomaci“ trial case. The other significant literary event was the attempt to issue due to efforts of some teachers K. Adamska-Roubina, S. Szemitówna-Cywińska and O. Zambrzycka-Swianiewiczowa, in Vilnius in 1929, the school newspaper „Filomatka“. Till our times only one archival copy is left, there is no evidence if there were more copies. It is necessary to mention that both literary events, despite their weak response, are interesting and worth mentioning examples of still alive tradition of „Filomaci“ in Vilnius.Filomatų tradicijos Vilniuje tarpukario laikotarpiu: Edwardo Walewskio „Wiwlasy“ (1926) ir laikraštukas „Filomatka“ (1929) Santrauka. Tarpukario dvidešimtmetį, pirmiausią XX a. 3-iojo dešimtmečio metais, Vilnius buvo laikomas dvasine senosios Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės sostine, čia buvo gyva romantizmo tradicija. Svarbiausias šios tradicijos skleidėjas buvo Adomas Mickevičius, garsiausias lenkų ir lietuvių poetas, lenkų tautos dainius. Tai lėmė faktas, kad Stepono Batoro universiteto Humanistikos fakulteto Lenkų literatūros katedroje dirbo garsūs Mickevičiaus tyrinėtojai: J. Kallenbachas, S. Pigonis, K. Gurskis (J. Kallenbach, S. Pigoń, K. Górski). 1922 m. Vilnių ir universitetą aplankė poeto sūnus ir vienas jo biografų Vladislavas Mickevičius (Władysław Mickiewicz).1926 metais Vilniuje pasirodė Edvardo Valevskio (Edward Walewski) poezijos rinkinukas „Wiwlasy. Jamb na stulecie filomatów“ – 48 sonetai, skirti filomatų ir filaretų bendruomenių veiklai, taip pat žinomiems romantizmo epochos Vilniaus universiteto profesoriams (J. Lelewel, K. Kontrym, E. Groddeck). Taip pat yra sonetų, kurie skirti Mickevičiaus „vietoms“ (Naugardukui, Tuhanovičiams, Balčininkams) ir konkretiems taškams Vilniaus žemėlapyje, kurie susiję su filomatų veikla.Kitas su literatūra susijęs įvykis – bandymas leisti mokyklinį leidinį „Filomatka“. Jo atsiradimą inicijavo mokytojos K. Adamska-Rouba, S. Szemiotówna-Cywińska ir O. Zambrzycka-Swianiewiczowa. Iki šių dienų archyvuose išliko tik vienas laikraštuko egzempliorius ir nėra žinoma, ar jų būta daugiau. Abu literatūriniai įvykiai nesulaukė didesnio atgarsio, tačiau yra įdomūs ir verti dėmesio reiškiniai, tiriant filomatų tradicijas Vilniuje tarpukario laikotarpiu

Understanding the Formation and Perception of Body Image Across Women of Different Races

Honors (Bachelor's)SociologyUniversity of Michiganhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/112133/1/michfedo.pd

A structural analysis of the A5/1 state transition graph

We describe efficient algorithms to analyze the cycle structure of the graph induced by the state transition function of the A5/1 stream cipher used in GSM mobile phones and report on the results of the implementation. The analysis is performed in five steps utilizing HPC clusters, GPGPU and external memory computation. A great reduction of this huge state transition graph of 2^64 nodes is achieved by focusing on special nodes in the first step and removing leaf nodes that can be detected with limited effort in the second step. This step does not break the overall structure of the graph and keeps at least one node on every cycle. In the third step the nodes of the reduced graph are connected by weighted edges. Since the number of nodes is still huge an efficient bitslice approach is presented that is implemented with NVIDIA's CUDA framework and executed on several GPUs concurrently. An external memory algorithm based on the STXXL library and its parallel pipelining feature further reduces the graph in the fourth step. The result is a graph containing only cycles that can be further analyzed in internal memory to count the number and size of the cycles. This full analysis which previously would take months can now be completed within a few days and allows to present structural results for the full graph for the first time. The structure of the A5/1 graph deviates notably from the theoretical results for random mappings.Comment: In Proceedings GRAPHITE 2012, arXiv:1210.611

Integrating XBRL Into The Accounting Curriculum

The rush to conduct business over the Internet has led to increased pressure for up-to-date and on-demand access to financial and non-financial business information.  The providers and users of this information have banded together to create a standardized taxonomy based on XML to communicate business information over the Web.  XBRL, the eXtensible Business Reporting Language, will provide this mechanism.  Accountants and auditors will need to react quickly to the increased demand for accurate data that will make this feasible.  The article covers XBRL's development process, the underlying XML framework and examples of its use on the Web.  It introduces XBRL’s educational impacts, and discusses its incorporation into an Advanced Accounting Information Systems course. Recommendations for incorporating XBRL across the accounting curriculum based on an informal Internet survey conclude the article

An Examination of Educators\u27 Perceptions of Host Country Cultural Dynamics in International Schools Abroad

This research examines dynamics and challenges of relationships between international schools (IS) and host country cultures as perceived by educators. Cultural impacts that influence the capacity of educators to manage, lead, and navigate IS are investigated. A sample of 133 educators (administrators and teachers) employed in IS responded to the survey and 13 of those participants were interviewed using a Mixed Method Sequential Explanatory Design (Creswell, 2009). IS promote international-mindedness where adverse contact zones are minimized by providing opportunities for students of different races, genders, and nationalities to integrate and work together. Although IS provide a strong basis for cultural diversity and tolerance, this study found that lower socioeconomic status children were not included within the international-mindedness spectrum as many poorer students do not attend IS. Attending IS provide a competitive pathway for students to attend universities overseas. Gender inequality related to access to and quality of education was not a factor at IS. This research also found that teachers generally do not adapt to teaching styles of the host country culture and therefore employ a student-centered learning model engaging students from multiple countries. Further, the status of the diplomatic relationship between nations, rather than cultural differences between two countries strongly influenced the ability of an IS to obtain work visas for potential employees. This research is significant because it provides implications for practitioners and illuminates models used by IS to successfully integrate cultures, races, and religions, as well as explore areas needed for further study. Keywords: International schools, American international schools, international-mindedness, global mindedness, socioeconomic status, gender, race, religion, culture, diversity, social justice, diplomatic relationships, universities, curriculum, teaching styles, parental expectations, NEASC, ELL, English Language Learners, professional development, ethical international-mindedness, international elite-mindedness, economi

Deaf Bodies : Toward a Holistic Ethnography of Deaf People in Japan

This essay is an ethnographic exploration of deaf people in Japan, applying a holistic approach to the body. Deafness is considered as a condition that affects human behavior in terms of adaptation and coping rather than as simply a limiting deficiency/impairment. The bodily interactions of deaf people in their daily lives will be presented as the framework for this paper though Mark Johnson’s philosophy of embodied meaning (2007). The general situation of deaf people in Japan, including academic models, social welfare policies and Deaf/deaf politics, will be organized and presented through the use of Mikhail Bakhtin’s architectonics (1990). The language use of Japanese deaf people, especially their preferred language of Japanese Sign Language (JSL), will be contextualized through the use of Armstrong, Stokoe and Wilcox’s gestural approach to communication (1995). This research is a culmination of extensive long-term participant-observation, language study and data gathering through questionnaires, interviews and photography. How do deaf people in Japan deal with limits – or challenges – of communication with hearing people and among themselves? The paper concludes that for deaf people, the body is a media they use to create text and discourse through the performance of sign language, ultimately displaying a perceived notion of Deaf identity