Haemolymphatic cancer among children in Sardinia, Italy: 1974–2003 incidence

Objectives To explore the time trend and geographical distribution of childhood leukaemia incidence over the territory of the Italian region of Sardinia.Setting All hospitals departments, diagnostic centres and social security agencies in Sardinia were regularly screened in 1974–2003 to identify, register and review the diagnoses of incident cases of haematological malignancies (HM).Participants The whole child population aged 0–14 resident in Sardinia.Primary and secondary outcome measures Incidence and time trend of childhood HM and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) over the study period, and use of Bayesian methods to plot the probability of areas with excess incidence on the regional map.Results Overall, 675 HM cases, including 378 ALL cases, occurred among children aged 0–14 years resident in Sardinia in 1974–2003, with an incidence rate of 6.97×10-5 (95% CI 6.47 to 7.51) and 3.85×10-5 (95% CI 3.48 to 4.26), respectively. Incidence of HM and ALL showed an upward trend along the study period especially among females. Three communes out of the 356 existing in 1974, namely Ittiri, Villa San Pietro and Carbonia, stand out as areas with excess incidence of HM and ALL in particular and another, Carloforte, for ALL only.Conclusions Our results might serve as convincing arguments for extending the coverage of routine cancer registration over the whole Sardinian population, while prompting further research on the genetic and environmental determinants in the areas at risk

Vaccination attitude and communication in early settings: An exploratory study

Background: This study assesses attitudes towards vaccination in mothers of new-born babies and explores its association with different exposures to communication. Methods: Data were collected through questionnaires administered by means of interviews. Results: Data highlighted that 20% of mothers showed an orientation towards vaccine hesitancy. As for the reasons behind the attitude to vaccine hesitancy, data showed that concern is a common feature. As for the different exposures to communication, 49% of mothers did not remember having received or looked for any information about vaccination during pregnancy and post-partum; 25% stated they received information from several healthcare and non-healthcare sources; 26% declared having received or looked for information by means of healthcare and non-healthcare sources, as well as having taken part in a specific meeting during antenatal classes or at birth centres. The attitude towards vaccine hesitancy tends to reduce as exposure to different communication increases. Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis that participation in interactive meetings in small groups focused on vaccination during the prenatal course or at the birth point may act as an enabling factor contributing to a decrease in the tendency to experience vaccine hesitation

Power Over Fibre Systems for the Italian SKA-Low Demonstrators

The Power over Fibre technique allows to power remote electronics without using copper cables. Avoiding any interaction between the antenna and its power/signal cable is attractive in the case of testing systems where the evaluation of antenna and/or array performance are crucial parameters under investigation. This is the case of the Sardina Array Demonstrator, an Italian SKA testing platform. In this work is evaluated the applicability of this technology in order to power the electronics of the antennas which will form SAD. The results of an extensive measurement campaign, with respect to both temperature and fibre length, of commercial PoF receivers, is here presented

Sardinia aperture array demonstrator: measurement campaigns of radio frequency interferences

Measurement campaigns of radio frequency interferences (RFIs) represent a fundamental aspect to optimize data collected by radio astronomical observations. In order to monitor the state of unwanted man-made signals, every radio telescope needs to have a radio frequency map in the frequencies range of its receivers. The Sardinia Aperture Array Demonstrator (SAD) is an Italian aperture array demonstrator composed of prototypical Vivaldi antennas designed to work at frequencies below 500 MHz. The antennas are located at the Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT) site and they are arranged with a versatile approach that is able to provide different array configurations. In this paper, we present the results of measurement campaigns conducted with the SAD antennas at the SRT observing site with the aim to monitor the evolution of RFI scenario from 2016 to date. The signal acquisition chain and the software tool used for RFI detection are, also, presented

Physiological, biochemical, and biophysical characterization of the lung-lavaged spontaneously-breathing rabbit as a model for respiratory distress syndrome

Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is a widely accepted technique of non-invasive respiratory support in spontaneously-breathing premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Surfactant administration techniques compatible with nCPAP ventilation strategy are actively investigated. Our aim is to set up and validate a respiratory distress animal model that can be managed on nCPAP suitable for surfactant administration techniques studies. Surfactant depletion was induced by bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) on 18 adult rabbits. Full depletion was assessed by surfactant component analysis on the BALs samples. Animals were randomized into two groups: Control group (nCPAP only) and InSurE group, consisting of a bolus of surfactant (Poractant alfa, 200 mg/kg) followed by nCPAP. Arterial blood gases were monitored until animal sacrifice, 3 hours post treatment. Lung mechanics were evaluated just before and after BALs, at the time of treatment, and at the end of the procedure. Surfactant phospholipids and protein analysis as well as surface tension measurements on sequential BALs confirmed the efficacy of the surfactant depletion procedure. The InSurE group showed a significant improvement of blood oxygenation and lung mechanics. On the contrary, no signs of recovery were appreciated in animals treated with just nCPAP. The surfactant-depleted adult rabbit RDS model proved to be a valuable and efficient preclinical tool for mimicking the clinical scenario of preterm infants affected by mild/moderate RDS who spontaneously breathe and do not require mechanical ventilation. This population is of particular interest as potential target for the non-invasive administration of surfactant

Puzzling large-scale polarization in the galaxy cluster Abell 523

Large-scale magnetic fields reveal themselves through diffuse synchrotron sources observed in galaxy clusters such as radio halos. Total intensity filaments of these sources have been observed in polarization as well, but only in three radio halos out of about one hundred currently known. In this paper we analyze new polarimetric Very Large Array data of the diffuse emission in the galaxy cluster Abell 523 in the frequency range 1-2 GHz. We find for the first time evidence of polarized emission on scales of ~ 2.5 Mpc. Total intensity emission is observed only in the central part of the source, likely due to observational limitations. To look for total intensity emission beyond the central region, we combine these data with single-dish observations from the Sardinia Radio Telescope and we compare them with multi-frequency total intensity observations obtained with different instruments, including the LOw Frequency ARray and the Murchison Widefield Array. By analysing the rotation measure properties of the system and utilizing numerical simulations, we infer that this polarized emission is associated with filaments of the radio halo located in the outskirts of the system, in the peripheral region closest to the observer.Comment: 14 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication on MNRA

Progettazione, realizzazione e caratterizzazione della catena ricevente per il sistema SADino precursore del Sardinia Aperture Array Demonstrator (SAAD)

Il presente rapporto tecnico riassume la progettazione, realizzazione e caratterizzazione della catena di componenti a microonde e a radio frequenza per l’acquisizione del segnale del sistema SADino, precursore del Sardinia Aperture Array Demonstrator (SAAD). Il progetto SAAD prevede la realizzazione di un aperture array composto da 128 antenne Vivaldi a doppia polarizzazione lineare [1-7], installate al sito del Sardinia Radio Telescope (SRT), ciascuna delle quali verrà collegata alla sua catena dedicata di componenti a microonde per l’acquisizione del segnale, che permette di trasportare il segnale analogico rilevato in radio frequenza dall’antenna fino al back-end digitale. Con l’obiettivo di eseguire velocemente i primi test, inizialmente si è deciso di implementare parzialmente l’array SAAD. L’implementazione parziale del sistema SAAD prende appunto il nome di SADino, che prevede la realizzazione di un mini-array di 16 elementi a doppia polarizzazione, con il quale è possibile effettuare le prime osservazioni e i primi test di beam-forming con il back-end digitale dedicato basato sulle schede Italian Tile Processing Module (iTPM) [8]. Con SADino sono state scelte solo 16 antenne (a doppia polarizzazione) dell’intero array SAAD da 128 elementi, disposte in maniera casuale, poiché il back-end digitale iTPM è dotato di soli 32 ingressi. La catena ricevente (una per ogni canale di polarizzazione di ciascuna antenna Vivaldi) è stata progettata basandosi sui risultati di una campagna di misure, effettuata nell’estate del 2020, utile a valutare la presenza in banda di segnali interferenti generati dall’uomo e indesiderati per le attività di ricerca radioastronomica, noti come radio frequency interference (RFI) [6]. Per l’esecuzione di tale campagna di misure, si è utilizzata una delle antenne Vivaldi del SAAD, equipaggiandola con una catena di acquisizione del segnale che ha fatto da precursore (almeno per quanto riguarda la valutazione degli stadi di amplificazione) alla versione finale di catena ricevente da utilizzare sul sistema SADino, precursore dell’intero SAAD. L’obiettivo di questa campagna di misure RFI è stato quello di selezionare una banda di frequenze il più possibile libera da segnali indesiderati e contenuta ovviamente all’interno della banda di lavoro delle antenne che costituiscono l’array. Le antenne Vivaldi del SAAD sono state progettate per lavorare con buona efficienza in un range di frequenze che va da 50 MHz a 500 MHz [4], mentre i componenti a microonde che costituiscono la catena di acquisizione del segnale sono ottimizzati per lavorare nel range di frequenze selezionato in base ai risultati delle misure RFI e all’interno del quale poi opererà il telescopio. In questo rapporto interno vengono presentati i risultati della campagna di misure RFI preliminare, illustrando la catena ricevente utilizzata per queste misure (vedi Sezione 2). Nella Sezione 3 viene descritta la progettazione, realizzazione e caratterizzazione della catena di componenti a microonde per ciascuna antenna del sistema SADino. Nella Sezione 4 viene descritto il sistema di alimentazione che permette di alimentare i componenti attivi inseriti all’interno della catena ricevente e, infine, nella Sezione 5 si riportano le considerazioni conclusive sul lavoro svolto

Preliminary tests to design an ad hoc signal acquisition chain for the Sardinia Aperture Array Demonstrator

The Sardinia Aperture Array Demonstrator (SAD) is an Italian facility, which is composed of 128 prototypical Vivaldi antennas, specifically designed to operate across the 50-500 MHz frequency range. As well known, one of the major burden at low frequency are the radio frequency interferences, thus after several accurate measurement campaigns we realized that a specific signal conditioning is needed in order to feed the digital beamformer with the proper signal level. In this paper, we report the results of the preliminary tests that we carried out in order to design an ad hoc receiving chain for the SAD array