Urban morphology and transformation the pattern of housing in the historical cities of Iran

Regardless of the historical and cultural collapse of today's contemporary architecture that arose in the aftermath of the advent of modernity, if we look at the process of the emergence of architecture before this era, we see that most architectural monuments in different periods have been able, due to modeling, to possess A distinct and defined style. The study of urban morphology and architectural typology on different scales show that the formation of ancient cities in the Middle East has always been subject to various conditions, including political, social, economic, geographical and cultural conditions. Cultural conditions are the most important and the first parameter in the formation of urban structure in Iranian cities. The city of Shiraz is one of the sample cities. By studying the historical context of Shiraz from the past and reviewing its morphology, it can be understood that the city's structure is based on cultural conditions. The modern city structure in Shiraz is very different from the historical structure that continued to Qajar period that is the finalist historical period of Iranian urbanism.In this paper, by analyzing different parts of the historical texture of Shiraz, the concept and dimensions of changing the pattern of housing based on urban morphology have been analyzed and analyzed. The results of this descriptive-analytic study show that the concept of housing in this city has been changed and the main factor of development has been derived from the inside. Therefore, it can be argued that the core of the forces forming the Islamic cities, based on the concept of housing in the present age, has lost its meaning

The impact of technology on data collection: Case studies in privacy and economics

Technological advancement can often act as a catalyst for scientific paradigm shifts. Today the ability to collect and process large amounts of data about individuals is arguably a paradigm-shift enabling technology in action. One manifestation of this technology within the sciences is the ability to study historically qualitative fields with a more granular quantitative lens than ever before. Despite the potential for this technology, wide-adoption is accompanied by some risks. In this thesis, I will present two case studies. The first, focuses on the impact of machine learning in a cheapest-wins motor insurance market by designing a competition-based data collection mechanism. Pricing models in the insurance industry are changing from statistical methods to machine learning. In this game, close to 2000 participants, acting as insurance companies, trained and submitted pricing models to compete for profit using real motor insurance policies --- with a roughly equal split between legacy and advanced models. With this trend towards machine learning in motion, preliminary analysis of the results suggest that future markets might realise cheaper prices for consumers. Additionally legacy models competing against modern algorithms, may experience a reduction in earning stability --- accelerating machine learning adoption. Overall, the results of this field experiment demonstrate the potential for digital competition-based studies of markets in the future. The second case studies the privacy risks of data collection technologies. Despite a large body of research in re-identification of anonymous data, the question remains: if a dataset was big enough, would records become anonymous by being "lost in the crowd"? Using 3 months of location data, we show that the risk of re-identification decreases slowly with dataset size. This risk is modelled and extrapolated to larger populations with 93% of people being uniquely identifiable using 4 points of auxiliary information among 60M people. These results show how the privacy of individuals is very unlikely to be preserved even in country-scale location datasets and that alternative paradigms of data sharing are still required.Open Acces

The effect of Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic extract on PTZ-induced seizure threshold in Vincristine injected mice

and aims: Studies show that Vincristine is an anti-cancer drug which has neuropathic effects. Some studies have shown that Salvia officinalis has therapeutic effects on nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic extract and Vincristine on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure threshould in mice. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups. The first group received normal saline, second group received Salvia officinalis hydroalcoholic extract (1 g/kg, i.p.), third group received Vincristine (10 µg/kg/day, i.v.) and finally the fourth group received hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis plus Vincristine. Then the seizure threshold was determined for each group after the injections. The data were analyzed using one way ANOVA followed by Tukey test. Results: The results of this study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis significantly increased the PTZ Induced seizure threshold (P<0.05). Simultaneous uses of Vincristine and Salvia officinalis extract caused a significant increase in seizure threshold in Vincristine group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Considering the existence of different types of ingredients in Salvia officinalis extract such as antioxidants, b-pinene and spathulenol, which have beneficial affects on the nervous system as well as their antioxidant effects, we can use this plant to reduce Vincristine induced neuropathic effects

TFUZZY-OF: a new method for routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks load balancing using multi-criteria decision-making

The internet of things (IoT) based on a network layer perspective includes low-power and lossy networks (LLN) that are limited in terms of power consumption, memory, and energy usage. The routing protocol used in these networks is called routing over low-power and lossy networks (RPL). Therefore, the IoT networks include smart objects that need multiple routing for their interconnections which makes traffic load balancing techniques indispensable to RPL routing protocol. In this paper, we propose a method based on fuzzy logic and the technique for the order of prioritization by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) as a well-known multi-criteria decision-making method to solve the load balancing problem by routing metrics composition. For this purpose, a combination of both link and node routing metrics namely hop count, expected transmission count, and received signal strength indicator is used. The results of simulations show that this method can increase the quality of services in terms of packet delivery ratio and average end-to-end delay

Involved brain areas in processing of Persian classical music: an fMRI study

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the neurological process of the rhythm in Persian classical music by using fMRI. The test consists of two groups of no rhythmic and rhythmic pieces that has examined on 12 right-handed musicians. The result showed that no rhythmic Persian pieces activated right middle frontal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, left planum temporal and right superior temporal gyrus, and rhythmic pieces activated left frontal pole, left inferior frontal gyrus and left suramarginal. These results are based on the laterality and hierarchical models

Centros de riqueza y endemismo del megagénero Astragalus (Fabaceae) en Irán

Iran is the main center of speciation and endemism of&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;(Fabaceae), the largest flowering plant genus in the Old World. The areas of endemism and major endemic hotspots of this genus are not well known, and detailed spatial evaluation is required using several GIS-based approaches. In this paper, spatial endemism patterns of&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;in Iran were studied using species richness, parsimony analysis of endemicity (PAE) and geographical interpolation of endemism (GIE) approaches. We collected 4180 distribution records for 589&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;endemics from all available resources. On the basis of the richness map, three endemic hotspots were found for&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;in Iran. Also, seven and four areas of endemism (AoEs), were identified using GIE and PAE analysis, respectively. Atropatanean is the richest province for Iranian&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;endemics. The majority of the areas of endemism are located in the mountainous habitats of Iran such as Alborz, Zagros, Khorassan-Kopet Dagh as well as the central and southern highlands of Iran. Our findings showed that the mountains play an important role in&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;endemicity, but plains, salt marshes and rangelands also harbor numerous endemic species, so they should also be given priority for conservation. The results of the three approaches are largely consistent with each other. However, it seems that the PAE was able to operate much more successfully than the other two approaches and cover most the areas of endemism of&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;in Iran. Finally, we suggest that in biogeographic studies in Iran, grid cell-based techniques and circular neighborhood approaches should be used together to determine areas with conservation priority.Irán es el principal centro de especiación y endemismo de&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;(Fabaceae), el mayor género de angiospermas en el viejo mundo. Las áreas de endemismo y los&nbsp;hotspots&nbsp;de endemismo del género no son bien conocidos y es necesaria una evaluación detallada utilizando aproximaciones SIG. En este artículo, se estudian los patrones de distribución espacial de los endemismos del género&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;en Irán utilizando la riqueza de especies, el análisis parsimonioso de endemicidad (PAE por sus siglas en inglés) y la interpolación geográfica de endemismo (GIE por sus siglas en inglés). Utilizando todas las fuentes disponibles, se han reunido 4180 citas para 589 endemismos de&nbsp;Astragalus. Han sido identificados tres&nbsp;hotspots&nbsp;así como siete y cuatro áreas de endemismo (AoEs por sus siglas en inglés) utilizando riqueza, GIE y PAE. Atropatene es la provincial iraní más rica en endemismos de&nbsp;Astragalus. La mayoría de las áreas de endemismo se localizan en los hábitats montañosos como Alborz y Khorassan-Kopet Dagh así como en las zonas altas del sur y centro de Irán. Nuestros hallazgos muestran que las montañas juegan un papel importante en los patrones de endemicidad del género&nbsp;Astragalus, pero las llanuras, marismas y pastos también contienen numerosos endemismos y por tanto deben ser incluidos en el esfuerzo de conservación. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de las tres aproximaciones son consistentes entre ellas. Sin embargo, parece que la aproximación PAE ha sido más exitosa que los otros dos métodos y cubren la mayoría de las áreas de endemismo de&nbsp;Astragalus&nbsp;en Irán. Finalmente, sugerimos que, en los análisis biogeográficos en Irán, se utilicen conjuntamente técnicas basadas en mallas de celdas y aproximaciones de vecindad circular para determinar las áreas prioritarias de conservación

Effect of sleep hygiene education on sleep quality in hemodialysis patients

Introduction: Sleep is referred a regular,recurring and easily revocable state of organism which is characterized by relative immobility and significant increase in response threshold to environmental stimuli sleep disorders are common among haemodialysis patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sleep hygiene education on sleep quality in haemodialysis patients. Materials and Methods: This study is a randomized controlled clinical trial. The participants of this study were 60 haemodialysis patients admitted to the Dialysis Center of Shahid Ayatollah Madani Hospital of Khoy,affiliated with the Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Sampling was done randomly and the partcipants were randomly divided into intervention group (30 patients) and control group (30 patients). Sleep quality of participants was measured before and after the intervention by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Training process for sleep hygiene behaviours was presented to the participants face-toface. The data were analysed using SPSS 16. Results: A significant difference in the mean (standard deviation) score for PSQI (p<0.001) was observed before and after intervention in the intervention group,while in the control group,the difference was not significant (p=0.704),In addition,a significant difference was observed in the mean (standard deviation) score for PSQI between the two intervention and control groups after the educational intervention (p=0.034). Conclusion: Sleep hygiene education,alongside other approaches,is a low-cost,accessible,and practical method which can be implemented within a short period of tim

Analysis of the Effect of Training Life Skills on Defensive Mechanisms and Styles of Students' Attachments

One of the main aspects of human characteristics is his attachments styles in human relations and other aspects, which are regarded as defensive methods of the self-base of one's characteristic. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of training life skills on the improvement of attachment styles and defensive mechanisms of students. This research is conducted using quasi-experimental method which is in form of pretest – posttest with control group. The statistical population consists of all female students of PNU University of Varamin Pishva. The sampling method is snowball sampling and its sample population included 50 female students ranging from 20 to 30 years old who earned the lowest score in the questionnaire of defensive mechanisms and Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) and were divided into two control and experimental groups of 25 members. Members of experimental group attended in 8 sessions of a 2-hours training program. After training them, again the questionnaire was administered for two groups. Data was analyzed by SPSS 18 software and covariance test. The results indicated that the program of training life skills has significantly improved the neurotic defensive mechanisms (P=0.001) and avoidance attachment style (P=0.04) of the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test stage. But, this training has not significantly changed the mature defensive mechanisms (P=0.20) and the immature defensive mechanism (P=0.74) and also the secure attachment style (P=0.20) and ambivalent attachment style (10/0 = P) in the experimental group compared to the control. This study showed that the life skill training can be applied as a useful interference method for students