Causal model of emotional divorce tendency based on satisfaction of basic needs, level of differentiation mediated by perceptions of spouse's self-sacrificing behaviors

The purpose of this study was the causal model of emotional divorce tendency based on the satisfaction of basic needs, the level of differentiation with the mediation of the perception of self-sacrificing behaviors of the spouse.The purpose of the current research is of an applied type and its implementation method is descriptive of the correlation type.The statistical population included all couples(normal households of men and women) of Kermanshah city. From among them, 384 people(192 couples) were selected as the sample size from different areas of the city, according to Morgan's table. Data were collected using emotional divorce questionnaires of Guttman (1999), the satisfaction of basic psychological needs of Guardia, Desi and Ryan (2000), the differentiation level of Drake(2011) and the perception of self-sacrificing behavior of the spouse(PSBM) of Harper and Figures(2008). The results of the data using Pearson correlation statistical tests and structural equations showed: the indirect effect of the level of differentiation on emotional divorce through the perceptions of selfless behaviors of the spouse is equal to -0.111, the indirect effect of satisfying basic needs on emotional divorce through the perceptions of selfless behaviors Wife is equal to -0.197, also the direct effect of perceptions of selfless behaviors on emotional divorce is significant -0.362. Understanding the selfless behavior of the spouse is an important and influential factor in promoting mental health, and by identifying the factors along with proper planning, it is possible to reduce the emotional divorce and increase the basic psychological needs and the level of differentiation

Effectiveness of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field and Pulsed Low Level Laser Therapy in Acute Stroke Treatment

Introduction: Stroke is one of the most devastating neurologic conditions in the world. Despite all the efforts that have been made for effective treatment, the prevalence of this medical condition is still high. One of the new methods in the treatment of patients is the use of low power laser and pulsed magnetic fields. The previous studies investigated the effectiveness of these methods individually. However, the present study aimed to investigate their effectiveness in combination.Methods: We divided the patients into control (n = 26) and experimental (n=26) groups. The primary variables included the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS). The experimental group received Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field (EMF-ELF) treatment with 1 mT power and laser in rejection with a wavelength of 840 nm for 5 days and 45 minutes per day. Results: The variable measured during this study, in addition to comparing the results of the intervention between the control and experimental groups, showed a significant difference in all indicators before and after the intervention. The mean and standard deviations of the Modified Rankin Scale (mRS), functional status (Barthel’s index), and cognitive status (MMSE) (p<0.001) were signed between two groups.Conclusion: Laser and magnetic field combination can be effective in the treatment of stroke. Further studies are recommended to ensure a better comparison.Keywords:  Stroke; Low Level Light Therapy; Electromagnetic Field; Nonablative Laser Treatment

Analyzing the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Different Educational Aspects of Surgical Specialties’ Residency Program: A Preliminary Report

Introduction: The lifestyle and learning of trainees from different surgical specialties have been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the growing body of research, the extent to which their surgical or educational performance is affected is not yet well-understood. We investigated the Iranian multi-specialty surgical residents nationwide to clarify the extent this new pandemic’s has affected their surgical and educational activities. Material and Methods: Our specialized board designed a questionnaire which was sent to residents from the 18th of May to 12th of Jun 2020. The questionnaire comprised demographic data, questions on the clinical, surgical, and educational activities during and before the pandemic. Results: Out of 700 eligible residents, 543 (77%) submitted their answers to all questions. 417 (76.8%) of the respondents declared they had spent their residency program at a hospital that was the main referral center for patients with COVID-19 infection. The weekly number of the outpatient and emergent visits decreased by one third (P<0.001) and one-half (P<0.001), respectively, following the pandemic. Also, the amount of surgeries has dramatically decreased (P<0.001). The median weekly hours devoted to face-to-face activities decreased, while the study time increased and the share of virtual education has a five-fold increase (P<0.001). Conclusion: This pandemic had a significant impact on many aspects of training in surgical specialties’ residency program in Iran. Increasing the time available to study is an opportunity, and online education, despite its challenges, has been effective

The global burden of cancer attributable to risk factors, 2010-19 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background Understanding the magnitude of cancer burden attributable to potentially modifiable risk factors is crucial for development of effective prevention and mitigation strategies. We analysed results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 to inform cancer control planning efforts globally. Methods The GBD 2019 comparative risk assessment framework was used to estimate cancer burden attributable to behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risk factors. A total of 82 risk-outcome pairs were included on the basis of the World Cancer Research Fund criteria. Estimated cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) in 2019 and change in these measures between 2010 and 2019 are presented. Findings Globally, in 2019, the risk factors included in this analysis accounted for 4.45 million (95% uncertainty interval 4.01-4.94) deaths and 105 million (95.0-116) DALYs for both sexes combined, representing 44.4% (41.3-48.4) of all cancer deaths and 42.0% (39.1-45.6) of all DALYs. There were 2.88 million (2.60-3.18) risk-attributable cancer deaths in males (50.6% [47.8-54.1] of all male cancer deaths) and 1.58 million (1.36-1.84) risk-attributable cancer deaths in females (36.3% [32.5-41.3] of all female cancer deaths). The leading risk factors at the most detailed level globally for risk-attributable cancer deaths and DALYs in 2019 for both sexes combined were smoking, followed by alcohol use and high BMI. Risk-attributable cancer burden varied by world region and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), with smoking, unsafe sex, and alcohol use being the three leading risk factors for risk-attributable cancer DALYs in low SDI locations in 2019, whereas DALYs in high SDI locations mirrored the top three global risk factor rankings. From 2010 to 2019, global risk-attributable cancer deaths increased by 20.4% (12.6-28.4) and DALYs by 16.8% (8.8-25.0), with the greatest percentage increase in metabolic risks (34.7% [27.9-42.8] and 33.3% [25.8-42.0]). Interpretation The leading risk factors contributing to global cancer burden in 2019 were behavioural, whereas metabolic risk factors saw the largest increases between 2010 and 2019. Reducing exposure to these modifiable risk factors would decrease cancer mortality and DALY rates worldwide, and policies should be tailored appropriately to local cancer risk factor burden. Copyright (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer in North Africa and Middle East countries, 1990 to 2019: Results from the GBD study 2019

ObjectiveTo provide estimates on the regional and national burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer and its attributable risk factors from 1990 to 2019 in the North Africa and Middle East (NAME) region.Methods and materialsThe Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 data were used. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), death, incidence, and prevalence rates were categorized by sex and age groups in the NAME region, in 21 countries, from 1990 to 2019. Decomposition analysis was performed to calculate the proportion of responsible factors in the emergence of new cases. Data are presented as point estimates with their 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs).ResultsIn the NAME region, TBL cancer caused 15,396 and 57,114 deaths in women and men, respectively, in 2019. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) increased by 0.7% (95% UI -20.6 to 24.1) and reached 16.8 per 100,000 (14.9 to 19.0) in 2019. All the age-standardized indices had a decreasing trend in men and an increasing trend in women from 1990 to 2019. Turkey (34.9 per 100,000 [27.6 to 43.5]) and Sudan (8.0 per 100,000 [5.2 to 12.5]) had the highest and lowest age-standardized prevalence rates (ASPRs) in 2019, respectively. The highest and lowest absolute slopes of change in ASPR, from 1990 to 2019, were seen in Bahrain (-50.0% (-63.6 to -31.7)) and the United Arab Emirates (-1.2% (-34.1 to 53.8)), respectively. The number of deaths attributable to risk factors was 58,816 (51,709 to 67,323) in 2019 and increased by 136.5%. Decomposition analysis showed that population growth and age structure change positively contributed to new incident cases. More than 80% of DALYs could be decreased by controlling risk factors, particularly tobacco use.ConclusionThe incidence, prevalence, and DALY rates of TBL cancer increased, and the death rate remained unchanged from 1990 to 2019. All the indices and contribution of risk factors decreased in men but increased in women. Tobacco is still the leading risk factor. Early diagnosis and tobacco cessation policies should be improved

Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

Background The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted gaps in health surveillance systems, disease prevention, and treatment globally. Among the many factors that might have led to these gaps is the issue of the financing of national health systems, especially in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), as well as a robust global system for pandemic preparedness. We aimed to provide a comparative assessment of global health spending at the onset of the pandemic; characterise the amount of development assistance for pandemic preparedness and response disbursed in the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic; and examine expectations for future health spending and put into context the expected need for investment in pandemic preparedness. Methods In this analysis of global health spending between 1990 and 2021, and prediction from 2021 to 2026, we estimated four sources of health spending: development assistance for health (DAH), government spending, out-of-pocket spending, and prepaid private spending across 204 countries and territories. We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)'s Creditor Reporting System (CRS) and the WHO Global Health Expenditure Database (GHED) to estimate spending. We estimated development assistance for general health, COVID-19 response, and pandemic preparedness and response using a keyword search. Health spending estimates were combined with estimates of resources needed for pandemic prevention and preparedness to analyse future health spending patterns, relative to need. Findings In 2019, at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, US$9·2 trillion (95$7·3 trillion (95% UI 7·2–7·4) in 2019; 293·7 times the $24·8 billion (95$43·1 billion in development assistance was provided to maintain or improve health. The pandemic led to an unprecedented increase in development assistance targeted towards health; in 2020 and 2021, $1·8 billion in DAH contributions was provided towards pandemic preparedness in LMICs, and$37·8 billion was provided for the health-related COVID-19 response. Although the support for pandemic preparedness is 12·2% of the recommended target by the High-Level Independent Panel (HLIP), the support provided for the health-related COVID-19 response is 252·2% of the recommended target. Additionally, projected spending estimates suggest that between 2022 and 2026, governments in 17 (95% UI 11–21) of the 137 LMICs will observe an increase in national government health spending equivalent to an addition of 1% of GDP, as recommended by the HLIP. Interpretation There was an unprecedented scale-up in DAH in 2020 and 2021. We have a unique opportunity at this time to sustain funding for crucial global health functions, including pandemic preparedness. However, historical patterns of underfunding of pandemic preparedness suggest that deliberate effort must be made to ensure funding is maintained

Al-doped B80 fullerene as a suitable candidate for H2, CH4, and CO2 adsorption for clean energy applications

Dispersion-corrected density functional theory method was performed to report on a high-performance adsorbent for removal of CO2 from the precombustion and natural gases. At first, the effect of Al atom impurity on the structural and electronic properties of B80 fullerene is studied. Then, the adsorption geometries and energies of gases (H2, CH4, or CO2) on the B80 and AlB79 (amphoteric adsorbents) are explored. The Al atom enhances reactivity of the cage toward the gases and the adsorption processes are more exothermic with low and high energy barriers for chemisorption of H2 and CO2, respectively. Stable chemisorption of CO2 on the AlB79 is validated by the high adsorption energy and large charge transfer, while the CH4 is just physically adsorbed on the AlB79. Further, the physisorbed gases can enhance field emission current of the AlB79 and in the continuous capturing of the gases, the magnetic moment of the cage is quenched. Furthermore, dependency of the electronic structure of the adsorbent on the gas adsorption is intensively studied. We suggest that the AlB79 could be a promising material for capture, storage, and separation of the gases and as a novel material for sustainable energy and sweetening process in the petroleum industry

Assessment of relationship between physical activity volume and blood lipids concentration in Hamedanian middle age men

Background: Inactivity is a leading contributor to chronic health problems. Physical activity (PA) is an important element in maintaining the health and functional ability in the population and has favorable effects on lipid profile in adults. Here, we examined the effects of pedometer-based PA (step/day ) in healthy middle age men. Methods: Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and daily oxygen consumption (VO2peak) were measured in 27 active and sedentary healthy middle aged men (40-65 yr). Subjects wore a pedometer throughout the day for three consecutive weeks, and average steps per day (physical activity volume) were measured. Fasting serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were measured. Results: Mean of Daily steps in the Active group (AG) (12632&plusmn;3957 steps/day) was significantly higher than sedentary group (SG) (5347&plusmn;1631step/day) (p<0.001). Also There was a significant difference in daily oxygen consumption in the 2 groups, with higher values found in the AG (p<0.001). TG and TC concentrations in the AG were significantly lower than SG (p<0.05). TC/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratios in the AG were significantly lower than SG (p<0.05), whereas, HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations were not different in the two groups (p>0.05). A significant correlation was found between average steps per day and TG (-0.424, P = 0.027) TC (-0.389, P = 0.045) TC/HDL-C (-0.469 P = 0.014) HDL-C/LDL-C (-0.390 P = 0.044) and Daily Oxygen Consumption (-0.853 P = 0.000). Conclusion: It seems that, healthy middle-aged men, who have more ambulatory activity (average of 12,500 step/day), have significantly better blood lipids&rsquo; profile

Spin-orbit torque-driven magnetization switching in 2D-topological insulator heterostructure

Charge pumping and spin-orbit torque (SOT) are two reciprocal phenomena widely studied in ferromagnet (FM)/topological insulator (TI) heterostructures. However, the SOT and its corresponding switching phase diagram for a FM island in proximity to a two-dimensional topological insulator (2DTI) has not been explored yet. We have addressed these features, using the recently developed adiabatic expansion of time-dependent nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) in the presence of both precessing magnetization and bias voltage. We have calculated the angular and spatial dependence of different components of the SOT on the FM island. We determined the switching phase diagram of the FM for different orientations of the easy axis. The results can be used as a guideline for the future experiments on such systems

Consultation Needs Assessment in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences: Viewpoints of Medical Students

Introduction: Consultation can play an effective role in accommodating students to conditions and can be followed by academic achievement. This study was aimed to determine the consultation needs assessment among medical students in Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS). Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 students from undergraduate basic sciences of medical faculty of KUMS during 2016. Two structured questionnaires were applied for collecting data: demographics and consultation needs assessment. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 16 using bivariate correlations, t-test, and ANOVA test. Results: The age range of participants was 19 to 31 with the average of 22.78±2.30. Gender was associated significantly and statistically with the areas of individual growth and promotion needs, educational needs, employment needs and emotional needs; girls in these areas acquired a higher score compared to boys (P<0.05). Furthermore, the domain of individual growth and promotion needs acquired the highest score. Conclusion: Our findings indicated that most of the students' needs were in the field of individual and educational growth and promotion. Furthermore, the average scores of guidance and consultation needs assessment of the female students was higher, with the necessity of paying more attention to the consultation problems among them