31 research outputs found

    Biomimetic and Hemisynthetic Pesticides

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    Pests are responsible for most losses associated with agricultural crops. In addition, due to the indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides, several problems have arisen over the years, such as pest resistance and contamination of important planetary sources such as water, air and soil. This awareness regarding pest problems and environment has led to the search for powerful and eco-friendly pesticides that degrade after some time, avoiding pest persistence resistance, which is also pest-specific, non-phytotoxic, nontoxic to mammals, and relatively less expensive in order to obtain a sustainable crop production Biodegradable biomimetic pesticides can be a potential green alternative to the pest industry

    Theoretical and experimental studies of organic semiconductors integrated into a biosensor for pollution detection

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    L'objectif de ce travail de thĂšse est l'Ă©laboration d'une photodiode organique (OPD) destinĂ©e Ă  ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©e dans un biocapteur. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre plus gĂ©nĂ©ral de l'Ă©tude et de l'amĂ©lioration de composants organiques impliquĂ©s dans des microsystĂšmes de dĂ©tection visant Ă  surveiller la pollution de l'eau. Le besoin d'Ă©valuation et de suivi de la qualitĂ© de l'eau suscite un grand intĂ©rĂȘt pour des systĂšmes de dĂ©tection portables de polluants ayant une rĂ©ponse rapide et de faible coĂ»t. Le principe de la mesure repose sur la dĂ©tection des variations de fluorescence de micro-algues en prĂ©sence de substances toxiques. ExcitĂ©es grĂące Ă  une diode Ă©lectroluminescente (LED) bleue, les algues vont Ă©mettre un signal de fluorescence dont l'intensitĂ©, modifiĂ©e en prĂ©sence de polluant (Diuron), est dĂ©tectĂ©e par l'OPD optimisĂ©e. Le signal de fluorescence Ă  dĂ©tecter Ă©tant trĂšs faible, l'OPD idĂ©ale doit avoir un faible courant d'obscuritĂ© et une grande sensibilitĂ©. Cela passe par un choix judicieux des matĂ©riaux semi-conducteurs organiques (OSC) entrant dans l'Ă©laboration de la couche active du composant. Pour accompagner le choix des matĂ©riaux, il est intĂ©ressant d'explorer leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s physico-chimiques tout en essayant de rationaliser les mĂ©canismes mis en jeu au sein de ces matĂ©riaux lorsqu'ils sont utilisĂ©s dans l'Ă©laboration d'OPD (phĂ©nomĂšnes d'absorption de photons, mĂ©canismes de transport de charges, et pertes associĂ©es aux recombinaisons de charges). Cette thĂšse s'articule autour de deux axes. Le premier axe consiste en une Ă©tude thĂ©orique qui vise Ă  comprendre et Ă  maitriser l'Ă©change des charges Ă  l'Ă©chelle nanomĂ©trique par des caractĂ©risations optiques et des calculs de chimie quantique basĂ©s sur des mĂ©thodes DFT et TD-DFT. L'Ă©tude sur un systĂšme modĂšle (le P3HT) a permis d'Ă©tablir un protocole de calcul trĂšs prometteur pour l'Ă©tude des propriĂ©tĂ©s de matĂ©riau d'intĂ©rĂȘt, en particulier le PTB7. Le second axe est un volet Ă  caractĂšre expĂ©rimental. L'Ă©laboration, la caractĂ©risation et l'optimisation d'OPD Ă  base de PTB7 : PC60BM a permis de concevoir un biocapteur algal apte Ă  dĂ©tecter le Diuron Ă  des concentrations de l'ordre du nanomolaire.The aim of this thesis is to develop an organic photodiode (OPD) designed to be integrated into a biosensor. It is part of the broader framework of studying and improving organic components involved into devices devoted to water pollution monitoring. The need for such portable, fast-response, low-cost microsystems is of great interest. The measurement is based on the fluorescence detection of micro-algae under toxic substances exposure. The excited algae, under a blue light emitting diode (LED), will emit a fluorescence signal whose intensity, modified because of pollutant exposure (Diuron), is detected by the OPD. Since the fluorescence signal is very weak, the ideal OPD must have a low dark current and a high sensitivity. To achieve this performance, a judicious choice of organic semiconductor materials (OSC) used for the OPD is required. In addition, it is interesting to investigate their physico-chemical properties by rationalizing the mechanisms involved in the active layer (photon absorption phenomena, charge transport mechanisms, and losses associated with charge recombinations). This thesis is based on two axes. The first one consists in a theoretical study of the charge exchanges at a nanoscale. This have been done by both optical characterizations and quantum chemistry calculations based on DFT and TD-DFT methods. Calculations were performed on a model system (P3HT) thus providing the basis for a very promising computational protocol for studying the properties of materials of interest, for instance PTB7. The second axis concerns the experimental study of the OPD based on PTB7:PC60BM. We have developed, characterized and optimized an OPD guarantying the detection of algal fluorescence without and with Diuron at about nanomolar concentrations

    Etudes théorique et expérimentale de semi-conducteurs organiques pour l'élaboration d'un biocapteur destiné à la détection de la pollution de l'eau

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    The aim of this thesis is to develop an organic photodiode (OPD) designed to be integrated into a biosensor. It is part of the broader framework of studying and improving organic components involved into devices devoted to water pollution monitoring. The need for such portable, fast-response, low-cost microsystems is of great interest. The measurement is based on the fluorescence detection of micro-algae under toxic substances exposure. The excited algae, under a blue light emitting diode (LED), will emit a fluorescence signal whose intensity, modified because of pollutant exposure (Diuron), is detected by the OPD. Since the fluorescence signal is very weak, the ideal OPD must have a low dark current and a high sensitivity. To achieve this performance, a judicious choice of organic semiconductor materials (OSC) used for the OPD is required. In addition, it is interesting to investigate their physico-chemical properties by rationalizing the mechanisms involved in the active layer (photon absorption phenomena, charge transport mechanisms, and losses associated with charge recombinations). This thesis is based on two axes. The first one consists in a theoretical study of the charge exchanges at a nanoscale. This have been done by both optical characterizations and quantum chemistry calculations based on DFT and TD-DFT methods. Calculations were performed on a model system (P3HT) thus providing the basis for a very promising computational protocol for studying the properties of materials of interest, for instance PTB7. The second axis concerns the experimental study of the OPD based on PTB7:PC60BM. We have developed, characterized and optimized an OPD guarantying the detection of algal fluorescence without and with Diuron at about nanomolar concentrations.L'objectif de ce travail de thĂšse est l'Ă©laboration d'une photodiode organique (OPD) destinĂ©e Ă  ĂȘtre intĂ©grĂ©e dans un biocapteur. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre plus gĂ©nĂ©ral de l'Ă©tude et de l'amĂ©lioration de composants organiques impliquĂ©s dans des microsystĂšmes de dĂ©tection visant Ă  surveiller la pollution de l'eau. Le besoin d'Ă©valuation et de suivi de la qualitĂ© de l'eau suscite un grand intĂ©rĂȘt pour des systĂšmes de dĂ©tection portables de polluants ayant une rĂ©ponse rapide et de faible coĂ»t. Le principe de la mesure repose sur la dĂ©tection des variations de fluorescence de micro-algues en prĂ©sence de substances toxiques. ExcitĂ©es grĂące Ă  une diode Ă©lectroluminescente (LED) bleue, les algues vont Ă©mettre un signal de fluorescence dont l'intensitĂ©, modifiĂ©e en prĂ©sence de polluant (Diuron), est dĂ©tectĂ©e par l'OPD optimisĂ©e. Le signal de fluorescence Ă  dĂ©tecter Ă©tant trĂšs faible, l'OPD idĂ©ale doit avoir un faible courant d'obscuritĂ© et une grande sensibilitĂ©. Cela passe par un choix judicieux des matĂ©riaux semi-conducteurs organiques (OSC) entrant dans l'Ă©laboration de la couche active du composant. Pour accompagner le choix des matĂ©riaux, il est intĂ©ressant d'explorer leurs propriĂ©tĂ©s physico-chimiques tout en essayant de rationaliser les mĂ©canismes mis en jeu au sein de ces matĂ©riaux lorsqu'ils sont utilisĂ©s dans l'Ă©laboration d'OPD (phĂ©nomĂšnes d'absorption de photons, mĂ©canismes de transport de charges, et pertes associĂ©es aux recombinaisons de charges). Cette thĂšse s'articule autour de deux axes. Le premier axe consiste en une Ă©tude thĂ©orique qui vise Ă  comprendre et Ă  maitriser l'Ă©change des charges Ă  l'Ă©chelle nanomĂ©trique par des caractĂ©risations optiques et des calculs de chimie quantique basĂ©s sur des mĂ©thodes DFT et TD-DFT. L'Ă©tude sur un systĂšme modĂšle (le P3HT) a permis d'Ă©tablir un protocole de calcul trĂšs prometteur pour l'Ă©tude des propriĂ©tĂ©s de matĂ©riau d'intĂ©rĂȘt, en particulier le PTB7. Le second axe est un volet Ă  caractĂšre expĂ©rimental. L'Ă©laboration, la caractĂ©risation et l'optimisation d'OPD Ă  base de PTB7 : PC60BM a permis de concevoir un biocapteur algal apte Ă  dĂ©tecter le Diuron Ă  des concentrations de l'ordre du nanomolaire

    Lung Cancer Ablation: What Is the Evidence?

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    Revisiting the Vibrational and Optical Properties of P3HT: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study

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    International audienceWe demonstrate that DFT-based calculations can provide straightforward means to analyze the effect of aggregation on the optical properties of regioregular P3HT oligomers of different lengths (up to 20-mers) and of bioligomers of 8-mers in two different conformations. Our conclusions substantially differ from those obtained previously by applying the exciton model. Indeed, analysis of Huang–Rhys factors has evidenced that two vibrational modes, a collective mode and an effective mode, are combined in the vibronic structure of the absorption spectrum of oligothiophene. Computed spectra match perfectly their experimental counterparts provided we consider that the oligomer and at least the five lowest excited states of bioligomers behave as absorbers, and that both oligomer and bioligomer contribute to the emission spectra. Study of the nature of the Franck–Condon excitation and optimization of the five lowest excited singlet states indicate that high (hot) excited states of the bioligomer may play an important role in the initiation of charge separation and highlight the importance to take into account the relaxation processes in the theoretical modeling of emission properties

    Revisiting the structural and photophysical properties of 3- hexylthiophene (P3HT): a combined experimental and theoretical study

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    International audienceThe context of our work is to design a lab-on-chip based on the luminescence properties of a micro-algae: Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The algae luminescence is collected thanks to an organic photodiode (OPD) based on a low band gap polymer, PTB7 (high external quantum efficiency of 80% when mixed with PC71BM) [1]. Before ab-initio calculations simulating those systems, we perform these calculations (TD-DFT and DFT) on the experimentally and theoretically extensively studied P3HT in order to identify the best-adapted simulation's methodology. We will demonstrate here how modern ab-initio methods are able to describe with good precisions vibrational and optoelectronical properties of those polymers chains and particularly to estimate the impact of the chain-length of oligomers (eight units to twenty units). Raman (figure 1), infrared, vibrationally resolved UV-visible absorption (figure 2) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra have been simulated. Their comparison with their respective experimental spectra shows a perfect agreement. We demonstrate that the vibronic structure is due to a collective mode, dominated by interring CC bond stretching, coupled to alkyl chains vibration mode. By optimizing and describing the lowest excited states of these oligothiophenes (singlet S1 and triplet states T1), we find that S1 and T1 present a quinoidal structure with a spin distribution localized on the central part of the chain. Relative energies of the two lowest excited states provide the possibility to these systems to be involved in singlet exciton fission process. As a result of this work, we have checked that our method is able to predicted P3HT photophysical properties. Further theoretical and experimental efforts are now focus on PTB7 studies, and we are confident on our calculation method for various polymers. [1] C

    Propriétés structurelles et photophysiques du 3-hexylthiophÚne (P3HT) : études expérimentale et théorique combinées

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    National audienceL'objectif de ce travail est la mise au point d'une photodiode organique (OPD) intĂ©grĂ©e dans un microsystĂšme de dĂ©tection basĂ© sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s de luminescence d'une micro-algue. L'OPD est Ă©laborĂ©e Ă  partir d'un polymĂšre Ă  faible gap, le PTB7 (efficacitĂ© quantique extĂ©rieure Ă©levĂ©e de 80% lorsqu'il est, associĂ© au PC71BM) [1]. L'optimisation de l'OPD passe par la comprĂ©hension thĂ©orique des propriĂ©tĂ©s photophysiques des composĂ©s. Aussi, un protocole utilisant des calculs TD-DFT et DFT a Ă©tĂ© mis au point en s'appuyant sur le P3HT, composĂ© trĂšs Ă©tudiĂ© dans la littĂ©rature. Les spectres Raman, infrarouge, d'absorption UV-visible rĂ©solu en vibrations (Figure 1) et de photoluminescence (PL) simulĂ©s prĂ©sentent un trĂšs bon accord avec les spectres expĂ©rimentaux, validant la mĂ©thode utilisĂ©e. Par ailleurs, nous dĂ©montrons que la structure vibronique est due Ă  un mode collectif dominĂ© par l'Ă©longation des liaisons CC inter-cycles et intra-cycles et couplĂ©e au mode de vibration des chaĂźnes alkyle. En optimisant et en dĂ©crivant les Ă©tats excitĂ©s les plus bas de ces oligothiophĂšnes (Ă©tats singulet S1 et triplet T1), nous montrons Ă©galement que S1 et T1 prĂ©sentent une structure quinoĂŻdale avec une distribution de spin localisĂ©e sur la partie centrale de la chaĂźne. Les Ă©nergies relatives des deux Ă©tats excitĂ©s les plus bas offrent la possibilitĂ© Ă  ces systĂšmes d'ĂȘtre impliquĂ©s dans le processus de fission d'excitons de singulet. Ayant dĂ©montrĂ© que les mĂ©thodes ab-initio modernes sont capables de dĂ©crire avec de bonnes prĂ©cisions les propriĂ©tĂ©s vibrationnelles et optoĂ©lectroniques des chaĂźnes de polymĂšres et, d'estimer l'impact de la longueur de chaĂźne des oligomĂšres, nos efforts thĂ©oriques actuels sont axĂ©s sur l'Ă©tude des propriĂ©tĂ©s du polymĂšre pour notre photodiode, le PTB7. RĂ©fĂ©rences : [1] C
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